Phi Eta Mu

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Phi Eta Mu
ΦHM
Founded	December 17, 1923; 93 years ago University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus
Type	Social
Scope	International  Puerto Rico  United States
Tree	Ficus elastica
Publication	Anuario Phi Eta Mu
Headquarters	San Juan Puerto Rico
Homepage	Phi Eta Mu website

Fraternity Phi Eta Mu (ΦΗΜ) is the first fraternity founded in Puerto Rico in 1923 at the University of Puerto Rico now University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus.^{[citation needed]} All its founders were Puerto Ricans, born on the island of Puerto Rico.^[1]

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1History
• 2Founders
• 3Publications
• 4See also
• 5References
• 6External links

History[edit]

During the 1920s, the most important administrative posts in Puerto Rico were filled by direct appointment of the President of the United States. This had the effect of assigning to positions of great importance people who lacked the temperament or the right qualifications, but possessed the necessary appointments for political connections.^{[according to whom?]} One of the most graphic examples of these actions^{[according to whom?]} was the appointment of Charles St. John W. Dean of the University of Puerto Rico. His particular style caused a great discord between the administration of the university and students of the time, and under its purview the first student protest significance and, later, the first university strike at the University of Puerto Rico took place.

On October 16, 1923, a group of students of the College of Pharmacy, College of Liberal Arts and the Normal School (now Faculty of Education) of the University of Puerto Rico collectively owed $841.50. The distribution of this debt ranged from students who owed a dollar to students who owed $18.50. The dean of the College of Pharmacy, Esq. Lucas Luis Velez, St. John, informed the dean that students of this faculty had agreed not to pay their debts related to deposits of materials laboratory equipment. Students understood that they were in fact being required to pay for used equipment they were using at that time as if the equipment were new.

Upon hearing of this action, the dean suspended students of the College of Pharmacy who owed any money for whatever reason, and announced to the press of the island that he had learned that the students of that faculty intended to steal the laboratory equipment. These manifestations of the dean outraged students, who, along with the growing friction from events in the previous year, paved the way for a student movement.

On October 19, 1923, Atty. Juan B. Huyke, Education Commissioner, met with Governor Horace Mann Towner. After the interview, Huyke informed the press that he understood that “students had overstepped by adopting an attitude he considered an act of indiscipline”. Students were pressured through innuendos that public opinion and the Faculty of Pharmacy were against them. However, while this press conference was taking place, students were meeting with a prominent^{[according to whom?]} faculty member, Prof. Victor Coll y Cuchi, who expressed his support.

Students of the College of Pharmacy received individual support of various students and the formal support of the Class of Fourth Year of the College of Law, chaired by Felix Ochoteco Jr. The Faculty of Law adopted a resolution which determined that the actions of Dean St. John “have not been conformed as per the due consideration to be afforded to students, and therefore expressed their solidarity with them in protest”.

On October 22, 1923 the board of trustees of the university met and agreed to require students to prepay for all equipment and tuition, as well as pay for any equipment broken during the academic year.

Students of the College of Pharmacy, who were still under suspension, were outraged upon learning about this decision of the board of trustees and made their displeasure public in the newspaper La Democracia.

Students requested a public apology from the dean. On October 24, 1923, in the face of an imminent student strike meeting, a General Board of the College of Law (the Board) was organized, integrated therein by Felix Ochoteco Jr., Pelayo Román Benítez, Arcilio Alvarado, Rafael Buscaglia and Emilio S. Belavar. This group carried out a strong campaign against the dean St.John. After information about these events reached the Commissioner of Education, and amidst the insistent rumors of a strike, the Dean ordered in November 1 the closure of that Faculty. In addition, the College of Pharmacy is also notified that if they continue with their attitude, they will face the same fate as the Faculty of Law.

On November 1, with riots in the College of Law, seven students from that college are expelled from the University. Students of the Board, preparing for a possible strike, create a commission for the purpose of raising funds, comprising this committee, among others, Isaias M. Crespo and Antonio R. Barceló.

A few days later a meeting was held where the board reported that the dean of the university would consider the problems solved if a resolution by the College of Law was approved whereby each student is compelled to report any act of protest performed or planned to be performed in the future. Students refused to approve the resolution. On November 5, 1923, to avoid a strike, the dean restored all students suspended and expelled and ordered resumption of classes at the university.

On 17 December 1923, the strike leaders Pelayo Román Benítez, Felix Ochoteco, Isaiah M. Crespo, P. Wilson Colberg, Alfonso Paniagua and Mario Polanco gathered under a gum tree in the grounds of the University of Puerto Rico and founded the fraternity Phi Eta Mu, for the purpose of granting protection and mutual loyalty in the face of repression from the university authorities. They managed thus to establish within the university one of the most serious and more solidly grounded student organizations ever.^{[citation needed]} A profound and beautiful initiation ritual,^{[according to whom?]} a wise constitution, a comprehensive set of regulations and a refined blend of traditions have placed the fraternity Phi Eta Mu in a place of excellence among Puerto Rican student organizations, a solid grouping of mind and spirit known to have succeeded the test of time.^{[citation needed]}

Founders[edit]

The Honorable Fraternity Phi Eta Mu was installed on December 17, 1923, with the following group of young people as its founding members:

• Wilson P. Colberg
• Isaias M. Crespo
• Felix Ochoteco, Jr.
• Alfonso Paniagua
• Mario Polanco
• Pelayo Román Benítez

The late Dr. José Menéndez was presented at the meeting of December 17, 1923 and became the first neophyte of the Honorable Fraternity Phi Eta Mu, thus also becoming part of its first group of directors.

Publications[edit]

• Aclaración y Crítica , 1941 by Antonio S. Pedreira; book
• Paliques , 1952 by Nemesio Canales; book
• Poemas de amor, poemas del paisaje, poemas de Dios , 1964 by Josefina Guevara Castañeira; audio
• Edmundo Disdier interpreta a Edmundo Disdier , 1973 by Edmundo Disdier; audio

Phi Eta Kappa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Phi Eta Kappa (ΦΗΚ) is a fraternity at the University of Maine. Founded in 1906, Phi Eta Kappa has remained unaffiliated with any national organizations, choosing instead to preserve their local tradition. Since 1910 the “Green Wave,” as it is known, have been located in a fraternity house on College Avenue in Orono, Maine. There are currently over 1,000 living alumni of Phi Eta Kappa.

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1History
• 2Athletics
• 3Notable alumni
• 4References
• 5External links

History[edit]

Phi Eta Kappa was founded as a for-profit organization owned by its members who bought stock in the fraternity. Sale of shares ceased circa 1942, and by 2001 the organization no longer knew who its shareholders were. Since the 1940s, funds for operations have come from rent charged to members, a mortgage on the fraternity house, and alumni donations.^[1] In the 1980s, the fraternity encountered financial difficulties that were attributed to members who had not paid their bills.^[2]

The fraternity house was closed temporarily in 1988 due to its deteriorating physical condition and concerns about poor behavior by its members.^[2] Later that year it was rented to house the Pi Beta Phi sorority.^[3] Subsequently, however, it was reopened for Phi Eta Kappa.

In 2001 the fraternity asked the Maine State Legislature to enact legislation to convert the fraternity to nonprofit status so it would no longer be required to pay the same taxes as a commercial business.^[1]

Athletics[edit]

Phi Eta Kappa emphasizes athletics. The fraternity has won the BC Kent Award multiple times. This award is given annually to the fraternity which has the highest combined point total for all intramural events. Phi Eta Kappa won the award nine consecutive years, from 1994-2002. Phi Eta Kappa alumni in professional sports include Mike Buck, who played four seasons as a quarterback in the NFL and holds most passing records at Maine; and Greg Panora, professional powerlifter, who holds the world record for combined bench, squat and deadlift (2481 lbs) for the 242 lb. weight class.

Notable alumni[edit]

Notable alumni include former Maine governor John H. Reed,^[4] the late University of Maine president Winthrop Libby, successful businessmen and philanthropists Larry and Keith Mahaney, businessman Eldon Morrison, Maine Superior Court Justice E. Allen Hunter, Air Force test pilot Robert A. Rushworth, UMaine head football coach Jack Cosgrove, Clemson University head baseball coach Jack Leggett,^[5] and Dartmouth College head baseball coach Bob Whalen.^[5]

Phi Delta Theta

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Phi Delta Theta
ΦΔΘ
Founded	December 26, 1848; 168 years ago Miami University
Type	Secret, Social
Scope	International
Mission statement	The cultivation of friendship among its members, the acquirement individually of a high degree of mental culture, and the attainment personally of a high standard of morality.
Motto	One Man is No Man
Slogan	Become the Greatest Version of Yourself
Colors	Azure      Argent
Flower	White Carnation
Patron Greek divinity	Pallas Athena and her Owl
Publication	The Scroll
Philanthropy	The ALS Association
Chapters	196 [1]
Members	251,000 [1] lifetime
Nicknames	Phi Delts, Phis
Headquarters	2 South Campus Avenue Oxford, Ohio United States
Homepage	http://www.phideltatheta.org/

Phi Delta Theta (ΦΔΘ), also known as Phi Delts or the Phis, is an international social fraternity founded at Miami University in 1848 and headquartered in Oxford, Ohio. Phi Delta Theta, along with Beta Theta Pi and Sigma Chi form the Miami Triad.^[2] The fraternity has about 185 active chapters and colonies in over 43 U.S. states and five Canadian provinces and has initiated more than 251,000 men between 1848 and 2014.^[3] There are over 142,000 living alumni. Phi Delta Theta chartered house corporations own more than 135 houses valued at over $141 million as of summer 2015.^[4]There are nearly 100 recognized alumni clubs across the U.S. and Canada.

The fraternity was founded by six undergraduate students: Robert Morrison, John McMillan Wilson, Robert Thompson Drake, John Wolfe Lindley, Ardivan Walker Rodgers, and Andrew Watts Rogers, who are collectively known as The Immortal Six. Phi Delta Theta was created under three principal objectives: “the cultivation of friendship among its members, the acquirement individually of a high degree of mental culture, and the attainment personally of a high standard of morality”.^[5] These cardinal principles are contained in The Bond of Phi Delta Theta, the document to which each member pledges on his initiation into the fraternity.

Among the best-known members of the fraternity are Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd President of the United States, Adlai Stevenson I, the 23rd Vice President of the United States, Baseball Hall of Fame member Lou Gehrig, actor Burt Reynolds, architect Frank Lloyd Wright, Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon, and John S. McCain Sr., U.S. Navy Admiral and grandfather of John McCain.

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1History
  • 1.1Founding
  • 1.2Early years
  • 1.3First half of the 20th century
  • 1.4Second half of the 20th century
• 2Governing bodies
• 3Educational foundation and programs
  • 3.1The Accolade
  • 3.2Kleberg Emerging Leaders Institute
  • 3.3Philanthropy
  • 3.4Leadership Consultants
• 4Literature
  • 4.1The Scroll
  • 4.2The Palladium
  • 4.3Pledge manual
• 5Role in the fraternity world
  • 5.1Historical ties with fraternities
    • 5.1.1Delta Kappa Epsilon, then Sigma Chi
    • 5.1.2W. W. W. Fraternity, and Delta Tau Delta
    • 5.1.3Tau Kappa Epsilon
    • 5.1.4Phi Kappa Tau
    • 5.1.5Theta Kappa Nu (Lambda Chi Alpha)
  • 5.2Historical ties with sororities
  • 5.3Famous firsts
• 6Current issues
  • 6.1North American Interfraternity Conference (NIC)
  • 6.2Alcohol free housing policy
    • 6.2.1Concern and criticism
    • 6.2.2Alcohol free housing five year progress report
    • 6.2.3Recent events
• 7Membership
  • 7.1Notable alumni
  • 7.2By the numbers
  • 7.3Sports awards named after members
• 8Chapters
  • 8.1Undergraduate chapters
  • 8.2Alumni chapters
• 9See also
• 10References
  • 10.1Bibliography
• 11External links

History[edit]

Founding[edit]

Room where Phi Delta Theta was founded. It is used by undergraduates of the parent chapter in recognition of achievement.

In 1839, Beta Theta Pi was founded at Miami University in Ohio. In protest against the president of the university, members of Beta Theta Pi and another fraternity, Alpha Delta Phi, blocked the entrances of the main educational and administrative building in what became known as the Great Snowball Rebellion of 1848.^[6]

After the president expelled most of the students involved in the uprising, Phi Delta Theta was formed by six men staying in a dormitory the day after Christmas. Robert Morrison, a senior, proposed to classmate John McMillan Wilson that they form a secret society together; the two subsequently invited juniors Robert Thompson Drake and John Wolfe Lindley and sophomores Ardivan Walker Rodgers and Andrew Watts Rogers to join them. These men are known today as “The Immortal Six.” The first meeting was held in Wilson’s room at Old North Hall, now called Elliott Hall.^[6]

During the early meetings, the Founders wrote The Bond of Phi Delta Theta, which is the fundamental law of the fraternity. It has remained unchanged ever since, and it is believed to be the only document of any fraternity of such a nature.^[3] Morrison designed the shield form of the badge, with the eye as an emblem, while Wilson suggested the scroll with the Greek letters on it. The first branch of Phi Delta Theta was founded at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio in 1848. Fearing punishment from the university, the activities of the fraternity were sub rosa for its first three years of existence. Phi Delta Theta also took an unusual step, unique among all fraternities, of splitting into two chapters at both Miami and Centre College, so their meetings would be smaller and attract less attention.^[7] Eventually, as the organization attracted new individuals into their membership including prominent university officials, members began to openly wear their badges indicating their affiliation.

Early years[edit]

Phi Delta Theta held its first convention in 1851 in Cincinnati, Ohio when the organization had only four chapters. The event was attended by seven members. Despite the limited number, positive steps were taken for the establishment of new chapters by forming an expansion committee. It was also during the first convention where the chapter at Miami University was designated as the Grand Chapter whose duties were to oversee the overall fraternity operations. Subsequent conventions were held again in Cincinnati five years later; Bloomington, Indiana in 1858; and Danville, Kentucky in 1860. Another convention was held in 1864 in Bloomington during the American Civil War. The Civil War was difficult for all fraternities. Battles put fraternity brother against fraternity brother. Fifty Phis fought on the side of the Confederacy while 231 Phis fought for the Union Army.^[8]

It was not until the 1868 Indianapolis convention that the first steps in the creation of an overall administration took place. The convention was regarded as the first “National Convention” as permanent convention rules were adopted during this time. Twelve years later, the most important of all Phi Delta Theta conventions took place. The Indianapolis Convention of 1880 established new ritual, insignia, and customs that are still used today.^[9] Moreover, the convention saw the creation of the General Council, the governing body of the fraternity, with Walter B. Palmer, Emory-Vanderbilt 1877, and George Banta, Franklin-Indiana 1876, becoming the president and historian, respectively. The convention also called for the organization of groups of chapters into provinces, which were to be headed by province presidents.

50th Anniversary of Phi Delta Theta with Founders Morrison and Lindley in the fore front. From the 1898 Convention.

A housing movement began to form during this time. The movement arose out of necessity because it was pointed out that chapter meetings were being conducted in rented halls. Even though the housing movement had been gaining momentum, it was not until the 1892 convention that a resolution was passed that advocated that all chapters rent or own at least one house.^[10] In the last two decades of the 19th century, over 50 chapter houses were acquired.

For a brief period a resolution was set forth to allow chapters to initiate women.^[11] First proposed in 1869, this was considered a radical idea both from a fraternal standpoint and social one as well since women were not allowed to vote until 1920.^[12] Although it was met with strong opposition, the issue would not be settled for several years.

During the two decades from 1870 to 1890, the growth of the fraternity was rapid, due principally to the efforts of Palmer and Banta. The two were given the title “Second Founders” for their work.^[13] In the 1870s alone, 34 new chapters were established, but this was also a period of uncertainty because of the anti-fraternity sentiment held by many faculty in schools where Phi Delta Theta had chapters.^[13] Several chapters became dormant because of this. The fraternity continued steady growth, and by 1889, there were 66 chapters in 27 states.

First half of the 20th century[edit]

With constant expansion into the western United States, Phi Delta Theta became an international fraternity when the organization’s first chapter in Canada was installed at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec on April 5, 1902. By 1918, there were 78 chapters with a membership of 77,000.

Members of Phi Delta Theta at West Point in 1917, before their deployment in the First World War

At the outbreak of World War I, college administrators urged its undergraduate members to stay in school. However, many were eager to enlist. The first Phis to fight in the war were members of the chapters at the University of Toronto and McGill University, the fraternity’s only Canadian chapters during that period. By the time the United States entered the war in 1917, over 5000 Phis served in the conflict with 155 of them losing their lives.^[14] Because many of the undergraduate Phis put their studies on hold, many chapter houses either had limited occupants or none at all. To prevent losing houses pending the return of Phis from the war, many housing corporations consented to having the houses used as barracks or for YMCA programs.^[14]

During the 1920s and 1930s, expansion was carefully controlled. Focus was placed on re-activating chapters whose charters were revoked years earlier.

World War II exacted a heavy toll on the membership and operations of the fraternity. Many undergraduate members joined the military, and 13 chapters were closed. As active membership declined, most of the Phi Delt houses were used as women’s residence halls or became makeshift military quarters. The fraternity tried its best to maintain up-to-date records regarding the status of members engaged in combat.^[15] A newsletter, The Fighting Phi News, was sent to members whose contact information was known to the fraternity.

Over 14,000 Phis were known to have been in active service during the conflict.^[16] Of that number, over 800 were killed or missing in action, the largest loss of any fraternity during the war.^[16] An additional 8,000 veterans were initiated into the fraternity in the immediate subsequent years. Fifty Phi generals and admirals served in the United States and Canada during the conflict, the most for any fraternity.^[16] Prominent among them were General Edward P. King, leader of the U.S. and Filipino forces in Bataan, Philippines; Admiral Robert L. Ghormley, commander of the Guadalcanal campaign; and Admiral John S. McCain, Sr., commander of carrier task forces in the Pacific. Members of Phi Delta Theta also received every major military decoration in both the United States and British Commonwealth forces, including the Medal of Honor (MOH) awarded to Leon Vance of the Army Air Corps and the Victoria Cross (VC) to Robert Hampton Gray, a Canadian naval aviator. Vance’s MOH was the last to be awarded before the D-Day landings, and Gray was both the last military personnel to receive the VC in the war and the last Canadian to lose his life during the war.

But the line will not be broken, because the fraternity’s life is continuous, with a mystic cord binding one generation to another.

Hilton U. Brown, past president of the fraternity speaking on the participation of Phis in WWII^[17]

Members of the fraternity also played a crucial role on the homefront. Among those were Elmer Davis, the head of the Office of War Information; Byron Price, the head of the Office of Censorship; and Ted Gamble, the National Director of the War Finance Division.

When World War II ended, the fraternity experienced a surge in membership as many veterans attended college under the GI Bill. On December 15, 1945, the groundbreaking of the present-day General Headquarters building took place. One of the features of the headquarters was a permanent war memorial honoring all Phis who lost their lives during WWII and previous wars.

Second half of the 20th century[edit]

After the end of World War II, the fraternity was confronted with the social changes sweeping college campuses in the United States. Like many fraternities, Phi Delta Theta had a restrictive clause barring membership to African-Americans, Asians, Jews, and Muslims.^[18] Specifically the term “white persons of full Aryan blood” was the subject of strong opposition among many members in light of Nazi ideology in the recently fought war, although there had been dissenting voices regarding this long before the clause became controversial among its members.^[19] This clause was added to the Code of Phi Delta Theta in 1910. However, by the 1946 convention there was an open discussion regarding this topic. Impassioned sentiment from many alumni as well as undergraduates coupled with the changing demographic of the college scene caused Phi Delta Theta to re-examine its membership. Years of debate followed; however, by 1954, Phi Delta Theta eliminated the clause and became one of the first fraternities to eliminate any restriction based on race, color, or creed.^[20]Only a year earlier, Phi Delta Theta had suspended its chapters at Amherst and Williams College for pledging minorities.^[21]

The 1950s saw a period of rapid growth and an expansion of the internal operations of the fraternity. Twelve new schools were granted chapter status. An important change in leadership also occurred during this time. In 1955, Paul Beam, the executive vice president of the fraternity (the head of the fraternity’s daily operations) unexpectedly died. He had succeeded the position from Arthur R. Priest who had served 1923–37. Beam guided the fraternity through eight conventions and through the trials of World War II. Bob Miller, who was Beam’s assistant, was eventually chosen to take over by the General Council and assumed the office almost immediately. He would go on to serve for 36 years, which is currently the longest term served in that office.

Two important programs were developed during this period that would profoundly affect the fraternity’s services. Before Beam died, he and several province presidents proposed a leadership convention for undergraduate members. These conventions would cover topics ranging from chapter organization to effective leadership. The first such convention was set up in 1956. At the time, it only involved 16 chapters. From 1956 until 1987, these sessions were held on a regional basis. The gatherings would form the basis of the Leadership College founded in 1987. 1958 was an important year for the fraternity because an educational foundation was created, the main purpose of which was to provide scholarships to deserving students.

During the turbulent 1960s, Phi Delta Theta along with other social fraternities dealt with strong anti-fraternity sentiment from people who saw the Greek lettered communities as old world established institutions.^[22] This sentiment was not without reason. Although Phi Delta Theta attempted to revise its restrictive membership codes in the wake of World War II, as late as 1961 the national office made headlines by rejecting the pledge of a Jewish student at Lake Forest College.^[23]Later that same year the University of Wisconsin banned Phi Delta Theta from campus for barring Jews, African-Americans, and other minorities from membership.^[24]

Despite an overall decline in fraternity membership during the late 1960s, Phi Delta Theta continued to expand through a carefully controlled process known as “colonization.” In 1968, a historic initiation took place when Robert Wise, Academy Award winning director of The Sound of Music and West Side Story, was initiated in the Franklin College chapter. Wise had completed all membership requirements in 1932 but was forced to withdraw from college due to a lack of funds. Roger D. Branigin, the Governor of Indiana at the time and Phi Delt member, presided over the ceremonies. 1969 was an eventful year for the fraternity as Neil Armstrong, a graduate from the Purdue University chapter, became the first man to walk on the moon. During the moon landing, Armstrong carried with him a fraternity badge, which he subsequently donated to the General Headquarters of the fraternity.^[25] He also donated a small silk flag of the fraternity, which he carried with him on his Gemini flight in 1966.^[25]

As war raged in Vietnam, Phis again served in the armed forces. With the emergence of new technology, a significant percentage opted to become fighter pilots. The Vietnam War saw a small dip in the Fraternity’s membership; however, by 1972, the fraternity had 140 active chapters with over 128,000 initiates. An important change was made during the 1970s that gave more autonomy to chapters in terms of membership selection. An amendment was passed wherein the unanimous vote rule to allow a college man to become a pledge was changed to allow individual chapters to decide on their own which method best suited their respective chapters.^[26] In 1973, the fraternity celebrated its 125th anniversary. The special occasion was marked by the construction of the university gates at Miami University. To date, there are nine buildings on the campus that were either constructed by Phi Delta Theta or named after members.^[27]

The 1980s saw the fraternity deal with issues such as hazing, rising insurance costs, and maintenance of individual chapter operations. The unofficial theme of the 1980 convention was “Eliminate Hazing.” The decade was marked by an increase of lawsuits dealing with hazing and alcohol abuse among many fraternities.^[28] To deal with this issue, Phi Delta Theta instituted a comprehensive insurance policy to protect its chapters. During the 1980s, an important aspect of the fraternity was created: Leadership consultants. The consultants, who are recent college graduates, travel to assigned provinces and assist various chapters in many aspects of fraternity life and chapter operations. They also report the status of each visited chapter to the general headquarters.

An important leadership change occurred in the beginning of the 1990s when Robert Biggs became the fourth executive vice president of the fraternity after Robert Miller stepped down. During the decade, Phi Delta Theta and many other fraternities experienced a decline in membership.^[29] The most important policy to be implemented by the fraternity during the decade was the decision made in 1997 to have all chapter facilities alcohol free by 2000.^[30] It was an initiative that was strongly pursued by the 1996–98 General Council. The policy was in response to the growing insurance claims against the fraternity, 53% of which were alcohol-related, and a return to the core values of the organization.^[31]

Governing bodies[edit]

All powers of the fraternity, both legislative and supreme, rests within the General Convention. The convention is a biennial event attended by representatives of undergraduate chapters, alumni chapters, and the various foundations. The purpose of the convention is to discuss and vote on a wide range of issues affecting the fraternity.^[32] The convention is held in various cities across North America. It is also during the convention where the General Council is elected.

The General Council is the governing body of Phi Delta Theta. Its all-volunteer membership are elected every two years during the fraternity’s convention. Their chief responsibility is to act as the executive and administrative board of the fraternity.^[32] Their duties include the granting and suspending of charters.

The General Headquarters (GHQ) is responsible for the daily operations of the fraternity. Among its many duties, GHQ collects dues, distributes supplies, and tries to maintain up-to-date information about all its members. Unlike other entities within the fraternity, the staff of GHQ are paid for their services. While the main offices of GHQ are held by members of the fraternity, support staff need not be members. The head of GHQ is the executive vice president, who acts as the secretary to the General Council.

Educational foundation and programs[edit]

Phi Delta Theta and many other fraternities have an educational foundation fund. Part of the Phi Delta Theta foundation’s aim is to award scholarships to deserving undergraduate members and those pursuing advanced degrees in various graduate schools. Each year, it provides over $150,000 in scholarships.^[33] The foundation is also essential in supporting programs such as the Emerging Leaders Institute, the Leadership Consultant Program, and portions of the General Convention as well as The Scroll, the official magazine of the fraternity. The foundation, which was established in 1962 with only $4,708, has since grown to over $14 million.^[33]

The Accolade[edit]

In 2004, the fraternity began a member development program for undergraduates called The Accolade. It is designed to enhance a member’s collegiate and overall fraternity experience. Some of the program’s personal development activities include goal-setting, time management, and career development. Although the program is intended for new undergraduate members, it is available to all members, including senior members and alumni. Although Phi Delta Theta is no longer part of the North American Interfraternity Conference, the fraternity was recognized by the conference for “Best Use of a Foundation Grant” for its support of The Accolade.^[34]

Kleberg Emerging Leaders Institute[edit]

The Kleberg Emerging Leaders Institute (Kleberg) is an annual event held at the Fraternity’s headquarters during the summer where newly initiated undergraduates are given instruction in leadership classes, as well as participating in programs that help to improve their respective chapters.^[35] It is attended by selected undergraduates from every chapter. It is mainly geared toward newly initiated members. The Institute was established after the Leadership College was dissolved. The event was renamed in honor of Tio Kleberg, Texas Tech ’69 after a one-million dollar donation in 2012.

Philanthropy[edit]

For many years, Phi Delta Theta had no official philanthropy. The fraternity, however, was long associated with the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Association (ALSA) because of Lou Gehrig, an alumnus who died of the disease. Amytrophic Lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating neuro-muscular disease and has since become known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. Although there had always existed a relationship between ALSA and Phi Delta Theta, it was not until November 2002 that the General Council made the partnership official.^[36] Undergraduate and alumni chapters from all across North America regularly organize events to raise money for research.

Leadership Consultants[edit]

Phi Delta Theta, along with other Greek organizations, employ Leadership Consultants (LCs) to assist with undergraduate development. The LCs, formerly known as Traveling Secretaries and Chapter Consultants, help undergraduate chapters identify major problems and challenges. Then, along with chapter leaders, alumni advisors, and university officials, they develop plans and programs for solving them. LCs serve as liaison between the General Fraternity/GHQ and the chapters. The LCs also work to guide chapter members to realize leadership and achieve, more fully, the ideals, objectives, and values of the fraternity.

Literature[edit]

The Scroll[edit]

The Scroll of Phi Delta Theta is the official magazine for members of the fraternity. The award winning magazine has been published continuously since 1875. It is the second oldest continuously published fraternity magazine behind the official magazine of Beta Theta Pi, which was first published three years before.^[37] Members receive lifetime subscriptions to The Scroll. The magazine covers topical issues relating to Phi Delta Theta and the wider fraternity world, news of prominent alumni, alumni club meeting reports, and undergraduate chapter reports. While its focus is Phi Delta Theta, readership is open to non-members. Since its inception, issues have been published 2–4 times a year.

The Palladium[edit]

The Palladium was the private magazine specifically for members of Phi Delta Theta. Unlike The Scroll, the Palladium was intended to be read by Phis only. The magazine covered topics such as fraternity policy, reports, and minutes to any conventions. It was published only once a year and was a supplement to the winter edition of The Scroll. The first issue was printed in 1894 and the last issue was released in the mid-1960s.

Pledge manual[edit]

The first three pledge manuals of the fraternity were written by Walter B. Palmer. The idea for the manual was conceived by J. Marshall Mayer (City College of New York, 1884), who at the time was the managing editor of the Scroll. The first pledge manual was printed in 1886 and contained only 56 pages. Since few copies were published and it is the first membership manual of any fraternity, it is regarded as one of the most rare and valuable books of its kind.^[38] The 4th–6th editions were authored by Arthur R. Priest. Much of the present-day material is derived from these editions.

Role in the fraternity world[edit]

Phi Delta Theta has played a major role in the fraternity movement. Chief among these was being a founding member of the North American Interfraternity Conference, which was established in 1910 (an organization that they subsequently left in 2002), and leading the initiative to ban alcohol from Phi Delt houses. Throughout their history, the fraternity became a pioneer in establishing traditions as well as having individual members shape the formation of similar women’s organizations. The fraternity has also been the first fraternity to establish itself on over 25 campuses.^[39]

Historical ties with fraternities[edit]

Delta Kappa Epsilon, then Sigma Chi[edit]

The Kappa chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon (DKE) was formed at Miami University after disagreement among Phi Delta Theta members over prohibiting alcohol. Several members left Phi Delta Theta and formed the Kappa chapter in 1852.^[40][41] In 1854, two years later, another disagreement in this group led to another break-away. A schism over who would become Poet for the Erodelphian Literary Society led to the founding of Sigma Chi in 1855.^[41][42][43]

W. W. W. Fraternity, and Delta Tau Delta[edit]

Two chapters of W. W. W. Fraternity (also known as Rainbow Fraternity) refused to join with other chapters of their fraternity in merging with Delta Tau Delta in 1885. Instead, the University of Texas chapter merged with the Phi Delta chapter there, and the Southwestern University chapter became a new chapter of Phi Delta Theta.^[44]

Tau Kappa Epsilon[edit]

Started as the Knights of Classic Lore, Tau Kappa Epsilon (TKE) attempted to become the re-activated Illinois Epsilon chapter of Phi Delta Theta at Illinois Wesleyan University. After several failed attempts from 1902–1907, the Tekes decided to discontinue attempting to become part of Phi Delta Theta, and instead go it on their own.^[45]

Phi Kappa Tau[edit]

The dorm room in Old North Hall (now Elliott Hall) in which Phi Delta Theta was founded was later home to Phi Kappa Tau founders William H. Shideler and Clinton D. Boyd.^[46]

Theta Kappa Nu (Lambda Chi Alpha)[edit]

Charles Lamkin, a former international president of Phi Delta Theta, was instrumental in the formation of a new national fraternity called Theta Kappa Nu in 1924, and in recruiting some 30 local fraternities to become chapters of Theta Kappa Nu during its first two years. No mention was made in print of his work at the time (obviously a sensitive issue); but he was listed, along with the Four Founders of Theta Kappa Nu, as one of the first five to have a lifetime subscription to the fraternity’s magazine.^[47] . Having chartered 55 chapters, Theta Kappa Nu merged with Lambda Chi Alpha in 1939.^[48]

Historical ties with sororities[edit]

Phi Delta Theta has the distinction of having close connections with two sororities: Delta Gamma and Delta Zeta.^[49] George Banta Sr., a Phi Delt from Franklin-Indiana, was instrumental in expanding the Delta Gamma sorority. For his efforts, he was the only man ever initiated into Delta Gamma.^[50] Banta would later perform initiation ceremonies for new members of the sorority, including Lillian Vawter, his fiancée. Guy Potter Benton, a graduate of the Phi Delt chapter at Ohio Wesleyan University, was president of Miami University in 1902 when he helped with the founding of Delta Zeta. Dr. Benton aided in the preparation of a ritual, badge, and colors.^[50] He was a great assistance to Delta Zeta and at one point chased down a man who stole the newly formed ritual of the sorority. For his work, Delta Zeta named him the Grand Patron of the sorority and is the only man to ever wear the Delta Zeta badge. To this day, an amiable friendship exists between Phi Delta Theta and these two sororities.^[51]

Famous firsts[edit]

Phi Delta Theta instituted several policies and traditions that are not only still used by the fraternity today, but have also become standard among almost all fraternities, as well as sororities.^[27][52]

• First fraternity to adopt a pledge pin – adopted by the 1894 convention in Indianapolis, Indiana
• First fraternity to adopt an alumnus pin – adopted by the 1894 convention in Indianapolis, Indiana
• First fraternity to adopt a pledge manual – authored by Walter B. Palmer in 1886
• First fraternity to adopt a National Day of Celebration – adopted by the General Council in 1889
• First fraternity to adopt life subscriptions to the fraternity magazine – instituted by William Bates, the first editor of The Scroll in 1875
• First national fraternity to expand west of the Mississippi River – a charter was given to Austin College in 1853
• First fraternity to have a member walk on the moon – Neil Armstrong

Current issues[edit]

North American Interfraternity Conference (NIC)[edit]

In 2002, Phi Delta Theta, along with Kappa Sigma and Phi Sigma Kappa left the North-American Interfraternity Conference due to ideological differences.^[53] Fraternity officials had been concerned of the direction of the conference for six years before leaving. Phi Delta Theta officials believed that the conference had been placing too much emphasis on individual undergraduates through specific programs such as leadership conferences rather than focusing on the fraternity movement as a whole. Phi Sigma Kappa has since re-joined the NIC.^[54]

Alcohol free housing policy[edit]

In 1997, Phi Delta Theta spearheaded the initiative of having alcohol free housing within its chapters by the year 2000.^[31]The policy has since been adopted by other fraternities including Theta Chi and Phi Gamma Delta (FIJI), although Theta Chi has discontinued their Alcohol Free Housing Policy as of July 2010.^[55] However, unlike Phi Gamma Delta, Phi Delta Theta has no exemption policy allowing chapters that meet certain standards, such as a cumulative GPA higher than 3.0, to have alcohol in the chapter house.

Concern and criticism[edit]

When Phi Delta Theta announced the inception of an alcohol free housing policy, the announcement was met both by hope and skepticism. While some saw the banning of alcohol in housing facilities as a welcome return to the principles on which the fraternity was founded, others felt the drastic cultural shift would hurt social dynamics. The General Council and GHQ had expected resistance from both alumni and undergraduate members when it was first proposed.^[31] Among the most vocal chapters against the policy were the University of Virginia chapter, where a faction split off from Phi Delta Theta and chose to form a separate local fraternity known as the Phi Society, and the University of the South chapter, which formed the Phi Society of 1883 rather than adopt the policy. Phi Delta Theta returned to the University of Virginia one year later and formed a new chapter. Phi Delta Theta has not returned to the University of the South.^[56]

Alcohol free housing five year progress report[edit]

In 2005, the fraternity issued a progress report. Significant improvements have occurred in many areas of fraternity life and operations. Since the implementation of the alcohol free housing policy, the all undergraduate grade point average rose from 2.77 in 2000 to nearly 3.00 in 2005.^[57] The insurance premiums of individual members have also gone down as risk management violations have decreased. Perhaps the most telling area is in membership, where Phi Delta Theta showed an increase of new members. In 2004, Phi Delta Theta had 3,102 new members while other fraternities averaged 2,415.^[57] In 1990, chapters of Phi Delta Theta were 18% larger than the typical fraternity chapter. In 2004, they were 30% larger.^[57]Also, in 2004, Phi Delta Theta was one of only 13 national/international fraternities to show an increase in total undergraduates from the previous year with an increase of 4.2%.^[57] The significance of this is highlighted by the fact that Phi Delta Theta had fewer chapters than other fraternities. Competitively, Phi Delta Theta has remained a constant among others. In terms of new members, it ranked ninth in 1990, eighth in 2000, and ninth in 2004.^[57] Many alumni members have credited the alcohol free housing policy in continuing this trend.^[57]

Recent events[edit]

Events branch from community service orientation to philanthropy efforts.

Membership[edit]

Membership to Phi Delta Theta is open to all qualified men without concern for race, religion, or ethnicity. Initial membership to the fraternity is contingent upon receiving an invitation to an interested individual by members of an active chapter. A pledge of Phi Delta Theta is called a Phikeia. The typical pledge period lasts a minimum of eight weeks, although occasionally it is shortened or lengthened to fit university requirements or by approval of the General Council.^[58] The pledge period is a time where the prospective member learns about the fraternity history, structure, traditions, organization as well as social etiquette. Phi Delta Theta has a strict policy against hazing and does not tolerate chapters who violate the policy.^[59] Once initiated, a brother is entitled to all rights and privileges of fraternity membership unless he formally resigns or is expelled.^[58]

Notable alumni[edit]

See List of Phi Delta Theta members

Famous Phis

Benjamin Harrison
23rd President of the U.S.

Neil Armstrong
First man to walk on the moon

Members of Phi Delta Theta have held numerous political positions in the United States, including the presidency, vice-presidency, and speakership of the House of Representatives. In Canada, fraternity members have served in many levels of government. Members have won major awards in science and entertainment, and have also gained prominence in areas such as architecture, medicine, and sports. Throughout the years, many prominent members have kept a vested interest in the events and operations of Phi Delta Theta. President Harrison, for example, participated in three Phi Delt banquets during his presidency while Medal of Honor recipient General Frederick Funston was the guest speaker at certain chapter installations.^[60][61]

By the numbers[edit]

The number of members who have either been involved in armed conflict or have achieved prominence in their respective professions have been documented throughout the years.^[62] As of November, 2014,^[63] the following statistics are the involvement of its members in various fields:

14,000+ (initiated) members served in World War II	8 members have won a Pulitzer Prize
5000+ members served in World War I	9 members have won an Emmy Award
400+ members have played professional football	6 members are enshrined in the MLB Hall of Fame
286 members served in the Spanish–American War	6 members are enshrined in the NFL Hall of Fame
281 members served in the American Civil War	3 members have been NASA astronauts
200+ members have obtained the rank of General or Admiral	3 members have won an Academy Award
117 members have been United States Congressmen	3 members have won a Heisman Trophy
34 members have been state governors	3 members have served as justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
33 members have been United States Senators	2 members have been Canadian Premiers
15 members have stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame	1 member served as President of the United States
9 members have received the Medal of Honor or Victoria Cross	1 member served as Vice President of the United States
1 member has won the Nobel Prize

Sports awards named after members[edit]

• Grantland Rice Trophy – presented by the Football Writers Association of America to the National Champions of college football
• Doak Walker Trophy – presented to College Football’s top Running Back by The Southern Methodist University Forum.
• John Outland Trophy – first presented in 1946 by the Football Writers Association of America, honoring the nation’s outstanding interior lineman
• Lou Gehrig Memorial Award – presented to the Major League Baseball player best exemplifying the giving characteristic of Lou Gehrig both on and off the field
• The Davis Cup – named after Dwight F. Davis; the largest annual international team competition in tennis; one of the cornerstones of the tennis year, this prestigious event gives players the chance to represent their country in an otherwise individual sport

Chapters[edit]

University of Illinois chapter house, listed on the National Register of Historic Places

Undergraduate chapters[edit]

See List of Phi Delta Theta chapters

Since 1848, Phi Delta Theta has granted nearly 260 charters across the United States and Canada. Today, there are over 196 chapters and colonies. To be granted a charter, a colony must complete certain requirements set forth by the General Council. Chief among these are recruiting a certain number of members and achieving a respectable cumulative grade point average among its members. Phi Delta Theta also has the longest continuous chapter of any fraternity in the United States, that chapter being the Kentucky Alpha-Delta Chapter at Centre College, which was established in 1850 and is still active today.^[64] In 2011, Phi Delta Theta awarded the Outstanding Chapter House of the Year award to the California Delta chapter at the University of Southern California. The largest chapter of Phi Delta Theta is at the University of Florida with, on average, 150 active brothers and over 3300 initiated since the chapter was founded in 1925.

Alumni chapters[edit]

Currently, Phi Delta Theta has over 100 active alumni clubs. Although all the clubs are currently in North America, alumni clubs have been found all over the world throughout its history. At one point, there were over 165 alumni chapters, some as far away as China. The most Phis to ever assemble on foreign land for an alumni club meeting, before the fraternity became international in 1902, was in Manila, Philippines when 30 Phis gathered in 1899.^[65] The alumni club in the Philippines lasted for nearly 40 years.

Phi Delta Psi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Phi Delta Psi
ΦΔΨ
Founded	March 21, 1977; 39 years ago Western Michigan University
Type	Social
Motto	All That We Put Into The Lives Of Others Comes Back Into Our Own
Colors	Cardinal Red and Aztec Gold
Symbol	Blazing Torch
Flower	Red rose
Chapters	28
Nicknames	Deuces, Flamethrowers, Phi-Men
Headquarters	P.O. Box 3088 Southfield, Michigan USA
Homepage	phideltapsifraternity.org

Phi Delta Psi (ΦΔΨ) is a social fraternity. It was founded March 21, 1977, on the campus of Western Michigan University.

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1Organizational philosophy
  • 1.1Induction policy
• 2See also
• 3References

Organizational philosophy[edit]

Phi Delta Psi was founded on the principles of eternal honor, perseverance, leadership, achievement and brotherhood. The founding fathers of the organization sought to create a fraternity that would meet the social, economic and political challenges of males. Phi Delta Psi places importance on their founders’ mantra of community service for the benefit of their universities, families, communities and the world.

Induction policy[edit]

The founders of Phi Delta Psi felt that an intake process should be conducted for the purpose of developing men capable of supporting the ideals of the organization. It is the policy of the organization to induct members based on “the intelligence of their mind and content of character rather than the thickness of their hide.”^[1]

Phi Delta Gamma

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Phi Delta Gamma
ΦΔΓ
Founded	1942 El Colegio,
Type	Social
Scope	Puerto Rico  United States
Nickname	la Phi Delta
Headquarters	Mayaguez Puerto Rico
Homepage	phideltagammapr.org

Phi Delta Gamma (ΦΔΓ) of Puerto Rico is the first Puerto Rican organization of Greek letters, which was founded in the western town of Mayagüez,on April 25, 1942.

Phi Delta Gamma originated from a high school fraternity, Alpha Iota Omega, which was founded in 1939.^[1] When the brothers of Alpha Iota Omega enrolled in the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (Colegio de Agricultura y Artes Mecánicas) of Mayagüez, some were offered the opportunity to pledge one of the original Puerto Rican fraternities. The others reunited in the house of the brothers Gilberto Oliver Padilla and Otis Oliver Padilla. They decided to found a new fraternity on April 25, 1942, and to use the Greek letters Phi, Delta and Gamma.

The founding brothers are Gilberto Oliver Padilla, Otis Oliver Padilla, Raúl Romaguera, Ramón Antonio Frontera, Ignacio Beauchamp, José Ramón Ponce de León, Hilton Quintana, Angel Inserni, Rafael Ferrer Monge “El Cubano” (who also developed the shield, the first rulebook, and the motto of the fraternity), Rubén D’Acosta, Edgardo Olivencia, César Arana and Hernán Rodríguez.

These brothers established the first chapter as Alpha in Mayagüez. They had plans to expand the fraternity to all of Puerto Rico. In 1944, the first Phi Delta Gamma clubhouse was established in the Méndez Vigo street of Mayagüez.

In 1945, brother Otis Oliver commended to students Juan Mari Brás and Manuel Portela Lomba to take the Phi Delta Gamma fraternity to San Juan. They began the task of establishing the Beta chapter in the University of Puerto Rico in Río Piedras. Some of the founding brothers of the Beta chapter are Oscar Colón, Juan Mari Brás, Jean García, Ramón Vargas, Manuel Portela Lomba and Angel Amézaga. Thanks to this effort, the first convention of the Phi Delta Gamma was celebrated in 1945, in the Condado Hotel.

The Phi Delta Gamma members are known as “the originals”, because they changed the way a traditional fraternity may be; also, they were the first Greek letter fraternity, which originated in western Puerto Rico: town of Mayagüez. The Phi Deltas are renowned for their friendliness and honesty. Above all, the great brotherhood among its members is very characteristic of their family activities (which involve grandparents, parents, spouses, children, grandchildren, and even great-grandchildren).

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1Notable members
• 2See also
• 3External links
• 4References

Notable members[edit]

• Juan Mari Brás, lawyer and political candidate for governor for the Puerto Rican Socialist Party
• Luis Cabrera, actor
• José Angel “Chiro” Cangiano, lawyer; entrepreneur (Lions of Ponce teams); writer; brother of Milly Cangiano
• Manuel “Papo” Charbonnier, City of Río Piedras; Puerto Rico Sports Hall of Fame
• Albert Cruz, WAPA TV sports newscaster
• Alfredo Lamela Domenech, ex-professional basketball player (BSN) of Piratas de Quebradillas
• Agustín “Tito” Lara, singer
• José Ortiz, former Executive President of PRASA
• Joaquín Porrata, radio sports analyst
• Miguel Rivera, former member of the government of Puerto Rico
• Manuel Díaz Saldaña, former comptroller of the government of Puerto Rico
• Orlando “El Zurdo” Sanchez, aka ” El Playero Mayor”, domino national champion
• Alfredo J. Santana Velázquez, bodybuilder with international awards
• José Canals Vidal, retired Colonel, US armed forces
• Luis “Luisito” Vigoreaux, Jr., television actor and producer
• Ernesto Quesada Ojeda, Ass. District Attorney

Phi Beta Sigma

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Phi Beta Sigma
ΦΒΣ
Founded	January 9, 1914; 103 years ago Howard University
Type	Social
Emphasis	Service
Scope	International Germany Bahamas South Korea Japan Switzerland Africa & Worldwide
Motto	Culture For Service and Service For Humanity
Colors	Royal Blue   Pure White
Symbol	Dove
Flower	White Carnation
Publication	The Crescent
Chapters	700+
Members	290,000+ lifetime
Nickname	Phi Betas Sigmas
Headquarters	145 Kennedy Street, NW Washington, D.C. United States
Homepage	www.phibetasigma1914.org

Phi Beta Sigma (ΦΒΣ) is a social/service collegiate and professional fraternity founded at Howard University in Washington, D.C. on January 9, 1914, by three young African-American male students with nine other Howard students as charter members. The fraternity’s founders, A. Langston Taylor, Leonard F. Morse, and Charles I. Brown, wanted to organize a Greek letter fraternity that would exemplify the ideals of Brotherhood, Scholarship and Service while taking an inclusive perspective to serving the community as opposed to having an exclusive purpose. The fraternity exceeded the prevailing models of Black Greek-Letter fraternal organizations by being the first to establish alumni chapters, to establish youth mentoring clubs, to establish a federal credit union, to establish chapters in Africa, and establish a collegiate chapter outside of the United States, and is the only fraternity to hold a constitutional bond with a predominantly African-American sorority, Zeta Phi Beta (ΖΦΒ), which was founded on January 16, 1920, at Howard University in Washington, D.C., through the efforts of members of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity.

The fraternity expanded over a remarkably broad geographical area in a short amount of time when its second, third, and fourth chapters were chartered at Wiley College in Texas and Morgan State College in Maryland in 1916, and Kansas State University in 1917. Today, the fraternity serves through a membership of more than 200,000 men in over 700 chapters in the United States, Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Caribbean. Although Phi Beta Sigma is considered a predominantly African-American Fraternity, its membership also consists of diverse college-educated men of African, Caucasian, Hispanic, Native American and Asian descent. According to its Constitution, academically-eligible male students of any race, religion, or national origin may join while enrolled at a college or university through collegiate chapters, or professional men may join through an alumni chapter if a college degree has been attained, along with a certain minimum number of earned credit hours.

Phi Beta Sigma is a member of the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) and the North-American_Interfraternity_Conference (IFC or NIC). The current International President is Jonathan A. Mason, and the fraternity’s headquarters are located at 145 Kennedy Street, NW Washington, D.C.

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1History
  • 1.1Genesis and founding (1910–1916)
  • 1.2World War I and the Sigma call to arms (1917–1919)
  • 1.3Incorporation and the founding of Zeta Phi Beta (1920–1933)
    • 1.3.1The creation of Zeta Phi Beta Sorority
    • 1.3.2Phi Beta Sigma’s contributions to the Harlem Renaissance
    • 1.3.3Sigma and the Great Depression
  • 1.4Social action and international expansion (1934–1949)
  • 1.5Sigma and the Civil Rights Movement (1950–1969)
  • 1.6History (1970–2000)
  • 1.721st century
• 2Purpose of the fraternity
• 3Membership
  • 3.1Pledging and hazing culture
  • 3.2Notable hazing incidents
  • 3.3Notable members
  • 3.4International Presidents
  • 3.5Conclave
  • 3.6Distinguished Service Chapter members
  • 3.7Regions
• 4The national programs
  • 4.1Bigger and Better Business
  • 4.2Education
  • 4.3Social action
  • 4.4The Sigma Beta Club
  • 4.5The Phi Beta Sigma History Museum
• 5See also
• 6Further reading
• 7References
• 8External links

History[edit]

Genesis and founding (1910–1916)[edit]

The birthplace of SIGMA: the 12th Street YMCA in Washington, D.C.

In the summer of 1910, after a conversation with a recent Howard University graduate in Memphis, Tennessee, A. Langston Taylor formed the idea to establish a fraternity and soon after, enrolled into Howard University in Washington, D.C. Once there, Taylor began to set his vision of a brotherhood into action. In October 1913, Taylor and Leonard F. Morse had their initial conversation about starting a fraternity. As a result, Charles I. Brown was named as the third member of the founding group. By November 1913, a committee was established to begin to lay the foundation of what was to become Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity. Soon after the first committee meeting, Taylor, Morse, and Brown chose 9 associates to assist them with the creation of the fraternity. Those men were the first charter members of the organization.

On January 9, 1914, the permanent organization of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity was established in the Bowen Room of the 12th Street Y.M.C.A Building in Washington, D.C. On April 15, 1914, the Board of Deans at Howard University officially recognized Phi Beta Sigma and the following week The University Reporter, Howard University’s student publication, made known the news.

The first two years of the fraternity’s existence would see them organize and maintain a Sunday school program, led by A.H. Brown, open a library and art gallery to the public, the foundation of the Benjamin Banneker Research Society, and also the Washington Art Club.^[1] In addition to their impact to the Washington, D.C. Community, the members of Sigma were also impacting the campus of Howard University. Abraham M. Walker was elected associate editor of the Howard University Journal. The following year, Walker and Founder A. Langston Taylor, were elected Editor-in-Chief and circulation manager respectively. Other members were also taking leadership positions as W.F. Vincent, William H. Foster, John Berry, Earl Lawson, among others, were presidents of the Debating Society, the college YMCA, the Political Science Club, and the Athletic Association respectively. On the athletic field, captain John Camper and J. House Franklin were standout football players for Howard University.

In the spring of 1915, the fraternity was seeking to further its intellectual pool. As a result, several affluent African-American scholars Dr. Edward P. Davis, Dr. Thomas W. Turner, T.M. Gregory, and Dr. Alain Leroy Locke, were inducted into the Fraternity. On March 5, 1915, Herbert L. Stevens was initiated, in turn making him the first Graduate member of Phi Beta Sigma.^[2]

Founding photo of Alpha Chapter, Howard University, circa 1914

A year after the establishment of Phi Beta Sigma, the Fraternity saw that the scope of Sigma needed to be expanded beyond just Washington, D.C. and Howard University. On November 13, 1915, Beta Chapter was chartered at Wiley College in Marshall, Texas by graduate member Herbert Stevens. Beta chapter became the first chapter of any African-American Greek-lettered organization to be chartered south of Richmond, Virginia.^[2] As Phi Beta Sigma continued its expansion in the Eastern and Southern United States, other national fraternities were beginning to take notice.

On December 28, 1916, Phi Beta Sigma hosted the fraternity’s first conclave in Washington, D.C. 200 members representing three collegiate chapters, Alpha, Beta and Gamma (established at Morgan State College) were in attendance. As a result of the 1916 conclave, an official publication for the Fraternity was authorized and member W.F. Vincent was elected as the National Editor.

World War I and the Sigma call to arms (1917–1919)[edit]

Phi Beta Sigma responded to a “Call to Arms” in 1917 as the United States entered the First World War. No definite study has ever been made as to the participation of Sigma brothers in World War I. However, the extent of their activity may be suggested by the fact that the Alpha chapter had about seventy members in uniform.^[3] The troubles of membership, not only affected the Alpha Chapter. Other chapters of Sigma were so depleted that only the Alpha Chapter showed any signs of activity and the National Office ceased to function. The General Board was forced to re-organize as a result of death and other dislocations brought on by the war. Fraternity President I. L. Scruggs would ask Founder, and now the fraternity’s National Treasurer, A. Langston Taylor to contact the Brothers as soon as they re-appeared in civilian clothes.^[4] It was through the efforts of Taylor that the fraternity was able to continue and proceed to operate financially as numerous Sigma men served on the European battle front.^[4]

Incorporation and the founding of Zeta Phi Beta (1920–1933)[edit]

By February 1920, Phi Beta Sigma had expanded to Ten active chapters; including the Eta Chapter at The Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina (now North Carolina A&T State University).^[5] As a result of the December 1919 Conclave, Phi Beta Sigma’s first conclave after the war, fraternity founder A Langston Taylor was given approval from the General Board to assist in the organization of what was to become the sister sorority to Phi Beta Sigma.

The creation of Zeta Phi Beta Sorority[edit]

Main article: Zeta Phi Beta

In the spring of 1919, Sigma Brother, Charles Robert Samuel Taylor shared with Arizona Cleaver his idea for a sister organization to the fraternity. Cleaver then presented this idea to fourteen other Howard Women; and with the help of Charles Taylor and Sigma Founder A. Langston Taylor, work began to establish the new sorority.^[6] With permission from the Howard University administration, Zeta Phi Beta Sorority held its first official meeting on January 16, 1920. The founders and charter members of the Sorority consisted of Arizona Cleaver (Stemons), Viola Tyler (Goings), Myrtle Tyler (Faithful), Pearl Anna Neal, and Fannie Pettie (Watts). The five founders chose the name Zeta Phi Beta. The similar names of both Sigma and Zeta are intentional in nature as the ladies adopted the Greek letters ‘Phi’ and ‘Beta’ to “seal and signify the relationship between the two organizations”.^[7]

“Arizona Cleaver was the chief builder and she asked fourteen others to join her. I shall never forget the first meetings held in dormitory rooms of Miner Hall. Miss Hardwick, the matron, never knew I was about until I was escorted out by Arizona, who was her assistant. I was Miss Hardwick’s favorite boy.”

Sigma Brother Charles R. Taylor
(On Arizona Cleaver & the organization of Zeta Phi Beta)^[8]

The newly established Zeta Phi Beta Sorority was given a formal introduction at the Whitelaw Hotel by their Sigma Counterparts, Charles R. and A. Langston Taylor. The two Sigma Brothers had been a source of advice and encouragement during the establishment, and throughout the early days. of Zeta Phi Beta^[9] As National Executive Secretary of Phi Beta Sigma, Charles Taylor wrote to all Sigma Chapters requesting they establish Zeta chapters at their respective institutions. With the efforts of Taylor, Zeta added several chapters in areas as far west as Kansas City State College; as far south as Morris Brown College in Atlanta, Georgia; and as far north as New York City.^[10]

Phi Beta Sigma’s contributions to the Harlem Renaissance[edit]

The literary works of Sigma Brother James Weldon Johnson, such as God’s Trombones, played a significant role in the Harlem Renaissance.

Sigma Brother A. Phillip Randolph was seen as a key intellectual player during the Harlem Renaissance.

The 1920s also witnessed the birth of the Harlem Renaissance- a flowering of African-American cultural and intellectual life which began to be absorbed into mainstream American culture. Phi Beta Sigma fraternity brother Alain LeRoy Locke is unofficially credited as the “Father of the Harlem Renaissance.” His philosophy served as a strong motivating force in keeping the energy and passion of the Movement at the forefront.^[11] In addition to Locke, Sigma brothers James Weldon Johnson and A. Philip Randolph were participants in this creative emergence led primarily by the African-American community based in the neighborhood of Harlem in New York City.

On January 31, 1920, Phi Beta Sigma was incorporated in the district of Washington, D.C. and became known as Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Incorporated.

In November 1921, the first volume of the Phi Beta Sigma Journal was published. The journal was the official organ of the fraternity and Eugene T. Alexander was named its first editor. The following month, the fraternity held its 1921 Conclave at Morris Brown College in Atlanta, Georgia. This conference saw the first ever inter-fraternity conference between Phi Beta Sigma and Omega Psi Phi. This would lead to the first inter-fraternity council meeting between the two organizations the following spring in Washington, D.C.

“When Taylor left the center of the stage, the main theme of the plot had been introduced. It would, of course, be developed, embellished, and varied in the years to come.”

Brother I.L. Scruggs^[12]

In 1922, Founder Taylor called for the assembly of the Black Greek Lettered Organizations of Howard University to discuss the formation of a governing council. Although, the efforts of Taylor failed on that particular day, they would sow the seeds for what was to become the National Pan-Hellenic Council eight years later.

In March 1924, the name of the fraternity’s official publication, The Phi Beta Sigma Journal, was changed to The Crescent Magazine. The magazine’s name change was suggested by members of the Mu Chapter at Lincoln University, PA to reference the symbolic meaning of the crescent to the fraternity. At the 1924 conclave, the concept of the Bigger and Better Negro Business was introduced by way of an exhibit devoted to the topic. This would lead to the establishment of Bigger and Better Business as a national program at the 1925 conclave. At the 1928 Conclave, held in Louisville, Kentucky, the tradition of branding the skin with a hot iron, as a part of the initiation process was officially frowned upon.

Sigma and the Great Depression[edit]

At the 1929 Conclave held in New York City, Dr. Carter G. Woodson was invited as a guest speaker and saw the creation of The Distinguished Service Chapter. The fall of 1929 saw the crash of the nation’s stock markets. Like many others during this period, Phi Beta Sigma also suffered a common fate. With brothers faced with financial worries, some members were forced to leave their respective institutions and chapters became inactive. The Fraternity saw its income drastically shrink to the point of nearly disappearing completely. As a result of the bank closures, the remaining funds of the Fraternity were frozen.

“Negroes would warrant and get Support and Patronage from other races as well as the Negro race”

Arthur W. Mitchell^[12]
6th International President of ΦΒΣ

As the nation came to terms with the Great Depression, Phi Beta Sigma and its members continued to implement programs to support the black community. In February 1930, the General Board met in New York City and appointed then vice president of the Eastern Region Dr. T. H. Wright as head of the new Bigger and Better Business program. The first objective of Phi Beta Sigma’s new program was to call upon colleges to provide business courses for its students. The fraternity went forward with its plans to implement the bigger and better business program and aid as many financially strapped chapters as possible through scholarships for brothers.

Later that year, at the 1930 Conclave held in Tuskegee, Alabama, northern region vice president C.L. Roberts suggested that instead of a yearly meeting, the annual conclaves should be held once every two years. It was also at this conclave that brother George Washington Carver delivered an impassioned and emotional speech to the brothers in attendance.

Social action and international expansion (1934–1949)[edit]

A porter for the Pullman Company Under the leadership of Sigma Brother A. Phillip Randolph, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was able to gain rights under federal law.

Fraternity brother A. Phillip Randolph, who organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, played a role in the amendments to the Railway Labor Act in 1934. As a result, railway porters were granted rights under federal law. This victory and the continuing work of Randolph and the BSCP led to the Pullman Company contract with the union, which included over $2 million in pay increases for employees, a shorter workweek, and overtime pay. 1934 also marked the birth of Social Action as a national program and the return of founder A. Langston Taylor to the forefront of Sigma. Brother Emmett May was elected as the first director of the social action initiative.

The 1935 Atlanta Conclave saw yet another meeting between Sigma and Omega Psi Phi fraternities. Omega founders Edgar Amos Love and Oscar James Cooper brought greetings to the brothers in attendance of the conference on behalf of the members of Omega Psi Phi. The following year, the general board approved the fraternity’s affiliation with the already established National Pan-Hellenic Council. in continuation of Sigma’s Social Action initiative, brothers of Sigma were actively involved the Chicago meeting of the National Negro Congress.

We live in daily hope that we shall one day learn the fate of our beloved brother and founder.

Founder Leonard F. Morse – 1949
(On The fate of Founder Charles I. Brown)^[13]

As Phi Beta Sigma prepared for the Silver (25th) Anniversary, a special search was made for lost founder Charles I. Brown. The search would yield no results as to the fate or location of Founder Brown. The 1939 conclave marking the 25th anniversary of the fraternity was held on the campus of Howard University.

At the 1941 Conclave in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the fraternity became a permanent member of the National Negro Business League. At the same conclave Brother A. Phillip Randolph announced a proposed march on Washington, D.C., to protest racial discrimination in defense work and the armed forces. This proposed march would lead then president of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt to create the Committee on Fair Employment Practice and issue Executive Order 8802 which barred discrimination in governmental and defense industry hiring.

Due to the outbreak of the Second World War no Conclaves were held, although some brothers in various regions were able to assemble independently of the General Board. At the fraternity’s first spring conclave in 1944, the fraternity voted to support the United Negro College Fund. 1949 would mark the reunion of two of the founders of Sigma: A. Langston Taylor and Leonard F. Morse.

The 1940s and 1950s would show the continued expansion of Phi Beta Sigma. In 1949, the fraternity became an international organization with the chartering of the Beta Upsilon Sigma graduate chapter and the Gamma Nu Sigma graduate chapter in Monrovia, Liberia. The fraternity would extend its international chapters into Geneva, Switzerland, with the chartering of the Gamma Nu Sigma graduate chapter in 1955.

Sigma and the Civil Rights Movement (1950–1969)[edit]

Sigma Brother & Co-founder of the Black Panther Party, Huey P. Newton—Alameda County Court House Jail, Oakland, September 26, 1968

As the struggle for the civil rights of African Americans renewed in the 1950s, Sigma men held positions of leadership among various civil rights groups, organized protests, and proposed the famous March on Washington of 1963. In Atlanta, A. Phillip Randolph helped with the establishment of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957. Randolph and fraternity brother John Lewis would later be involved with the 1963 March on Washington, Randolph as a key organizer and Lewis as a speaker representing the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

In 1961, Phi Beta Sigma brother James Forman joined and became the executive secretary of the then newly formed Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. From 1961 to 1965 Forman, a decade older and more experienced than most of the other members of SNCC, became responsible for providing organizational support to the young, loosely affiliated activists by paying bills, radically expanding the institutional staff, and planning the logistics for programs. Under the leadership of Forman and others, SNCC became an important political player at the height of the Civil Rights Movement.

During the Selma to Montgomery marches, Brothers Hosea Williams and John Lewis (U.S. politician) led a 54-mile protest march from Selma to the capital of Alabama: Montgomery. Lewis became known nationally for his prominent role in the marches and became a Congressman as a Democrat from Georgia. During police attacks on the peaceful demonstration Lewis was beaten mercilessly, leaving head wounds that are still visible today.

Phi Beta Sigma brother Huey P. Newton helped establish the revolutionary left-wing Black Panther Party. Originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, their goal was the protection of African-American neighborhoods from police brutality in the interest of African-American justice. As one of the many advocates of The Black Power Movement, the Black Panthers were considered part of one of the most significant social, political, and cultural movements in U.S. history. “The Movement[‘s] provocative rhetoric, militant posture, and cultural and political flourishes permanently altered the contours of American Identity.”^[14]

History (1970–2000)[edit]

In 1970, brother Melvin Evans was elected the first governor of the United States Virgin Islands. In 1979, Phi Beta Sigma celebrated its 65th anniversary Conclave in Washington, D.C. In 1983, Sigma brother Harold Washington became the first African-American mayor of the city of Chicago, Illinois. In 1986, the Fraternity opened the Phi Beta Sigma Federal Credit Union which is open to members of the Fraternity, members of the sister sorority, Zeta Phi Beta, their families, and their respective Regions and Chapters. With the establishment of the credit union, Phi Beta Sigma became the first NPHC organization to offer such an entity to its members.^{[citation needed]}

In 1989, the Fraternity celebrated its Diamond Jubilee in Washington, D.C. Also in that year, brother Edison O. Jackson became the president of Medgar Evers College in Brooklyn, New York. In 1990, two Sigma brothers made significant firsts in their respective fields as Brothers Charles E. Freeman and Morris Overstreet were elected the first district judge of the Illinois Supreme Court and first African-American elected by popular vote to a statewide office in the state of Texas respectively. In 1995, the fraternity was the only NPHC organization involved with the planning and support of the Million Man March as brother Benjamin Chavis Muhammad served as national coordinator of the March.^{[citation needed]}

21st century[edit]

Sigma Brother John Lewis speaks during the final day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.

In 2001, Sigma brother Rod Paige became the first African American Secretary of Education. At the 2003 conclave, in Memphis, Tennessee, the fraternity added Projects S.W.W.A.C & S.A.T.A.P as national programs in attempts to combat cancer and teenage pregnancy.^[15] In addition to those projects, the fraternity added Project Vote and the Phi Beta Sigma Capital Hill Summit under the social action umbrella.^[15]At the 2007 conclave in Charlotte, North Carolina the fraternity introduced the Sigma Wellness initiatives as the latest national programs. The 2009 Conclave in New Orleans saw former President William Jefferson Clinton accept honorary member invitation to Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity.”^[16]

Purpose of the fraternity[edit]

The founders deeply wished to create an organization that viewed itself as “a part of” the general community rather than “apart from” the general community. They believed that each potential member should be judged by his own merits rather than his family background or affluence… without regard of race, nationality, skin tone or texture of hair. They wished and wanted their fraternity to exist as part of even a greater brotherhood which would be devoted to the “inclusive we” rather than the “exclusive we.” The fraternity’s defiance of stereotypes that have plagued other organizations indeed goes back to the founders themselves with their careful and deliberate building of the fraternity by promoting a membership with diverse backgrounds.

From its inception, the Founders also conceived Phi Beta Sigma as a mechanism to deliver services to the general community. Rather than gaining skills to be utilized exclusively for themselves and their immediate families, the founders of Phi Beta Sigma held a deep conviction that they should return their newly acquired skills to the communities from which they had come. This deep conviction was mirrored in the Fraternity’s motto, “Culture For Service and Service For Humanity.”

Today, Phi Beta Sigma has blossomed into an international organization of leaders. The fraternity has experienced unprecedented growth and continues to be a leader among issues of social justice as well as proponent of the interests of minority communities, the needy, the oppressed, and the youth. No longer a single entity, the Fraternity has now established the Phi Beta Sigma Educational Foundation, the Phi Beta Sigma Housing Foundation, the Phi Beta Sigma Federal Credit Union, a notable youth auxiliary program, “The Sigma Beta Club,” and the Phi Beta Sigma Charitable Outreach Foundation.

Membership[edit]

Phi Beta Sigma’s Constitution states that race, religion, and national origin are not criteria for membership. Membership is predominantly African-American in composition, with members in over 650 collegiate and alumni chapters in the United States, District of Columbia, Germany, Switzerland, The Bahamas, Virgin Islands, South Korea, Japan and countries in Africa. Since its founding in 1914, more than 150,000 men have joined the membership of Phi Beta Sigma.^{[citation needed]}

“Each one, was different in temperament, in ability, in appearance; but that was why they were chosen by the three founders. We felt that a fraternity composed of men who were all alike in habits, interest and abilities would be a pretty dull organization.”

Sigma Co-Founder Leonard F. Morse
(On The First Initiated Brothers of Phi Beta Sigma)^[17]

A chapter name ending in “Sigma” denotes a graduate chapter. No chapter of Phi Beta Sigma is designated Omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet, and deceased brothers are referred to as having joined The Omega Chapter.

Pledging and hazing culture[edit]

Further information: Hazing in Greek letter organizations

Through the years, members of Phi Beta Sigma have been involved in incidents related to hazing, although now denounced by the fraternity, incidents have been discovered of pledges being subjected to activities which in some case have resulted in serious injury and even death. Prior to 1990, the Crescent Club was the official pledge club of Phi Beta Sigma and potential candidates interested in becoming a member of the fraternity would join the pledge club before being fully initiated. In response to the increasing number of lawsuits stemming from allegations and incidents related to hazing, Phi Beta Sigma and other members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council jointly agreed to disband pledging as a form of admission.^[18] In an attempt to eliminate Hazing from these organizations, each revised its orientation procedures and developed the Membership Intake Process.

In 2012, then Phi Beta Sigma International President Jimmy Hammock, along with the National Action Network, led by Sigma member Al Sharpton, launched a coalition whose aim was to combat hazing culture not just within the black Greek Lettered Organizations, but also the broader community at large. The coalition, also pledged their support of federal anti-hazing legislation that was being spearheaded by former United States House of Representatives member Frederica Wilson.^[19][20] As part of the campaign, the fraternity developed anti-hazing training materials, held a town hall meetings, facilitated workshops and encouraged local chapters to participate in the annual National Anti-Hazing Awareness Day.^[21]Phi Beta Sigma’s efforts to eliminate hazing from the fraternity continue as local chapters are now mandated to participate in anti-hazing awareness workshops.

Notable hazing incidents[edit]

In 1992, a pledge at Southern University (Baton Rouge) went blind after being intentionally hit on the head with a frying pan by a member of the fraternity.^[22]

In 1998, a pledge at Southern Illinois University was struck in the chest by several members of the fraternity which caused him to suffer from a severe asthma attack.^[23]

In 2006, seven Sigmas were arrested for beating pledges from the University of South Carolina.^[24] One known pledge was hospitalized due to the severe beatings and torment.

In 2009, Donnie Wade Jr., a student at Prairie View A&M University, died of extreme exhaustion due to illegal hazing activity while he was pledging the fraternity. His family filed a $97 million lawsuit against the fraternity and the chapter was temporarily expelled from campus for several years.^[25][26]

In 2014, a former Francis Marion University student won a $1.6 million lawsuit against the fraternity after suffering acute renal failure due to being severely beaten throughout his pledge process. Nine Phi Beta Sigma members were arrested.^[27]

In 2015, the fraternity was kicked off the campus of Salisbury University until Spring 2017. The university had received several anonymous complaints of pledges being beaten with paddles, forced to drink alcohol, and being harassed.^[28]

Notable members[edit]

Main article: List of Phi Beta Sigma brothers

Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity’s membership includes many notable members who are involved in the fields of arts and entertainment, business, civil rights, education, health, law, politics, science, and sports. The fraternity’s membership roster includes heads of state Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe, Kwame Nkrumah, William Tolbert, and William V.S. Tubman, the past presidents of Nigeria, the Republic of Ghana, and Liberia respectively. Other notable members include world-famous scientist George Washington Carver, the first black Rhodes Scholar Alain LeRoy Locke, co-founder of the Black Panther Party Huey P. Newton, organizer of the Million Man March Benjamin Chavis Muhammad, civil rights activists Hosea Williams and the Rev. Al Sharpton, musicians The Original Temptations, actor Terrence Howard, television personality Al Roker, professional athletes Jerry Rice, Emmitt Smith, Hines Ward, Richard Sherman and Ryan Howard, the Philadelphia Phillies first baseman and award-winning actor Blair Underwood.^[29]

International Presidents[edit]

Listed below are the thirty-four International Presidents^[30] since the 1914 institution of the office

Abram Langston Taylor, 1914-1916 Ivorite L. Scruggs, 1917-1919 William S. Savage, 1920-1921 Walter M. Clarke, 1921-1922 John W. Woodhous, 1923-1925 Arthur W. Mitchell, 1926-1934 Jesse W. Lewis, 1935-1936 James W. Johnson, 1937 George W. Lawrence, 1938-1940 Richard A. Billings, 1941-1944 George A. Parker, 1944-1947 Ras O. Johnson, 1948-1950 Felix J. Brown, 1951-1953 George L. Hightower, 1954-1955 George D. Flemmings; 1955-1957 Hutson L. Lovell, 1958-1959 Roswell O. Sutton, 1960-1962

Maurice A. Moore, 1963-1965, Alvin J. McNeil, 1966-1970 Parlette L. Moore, 1971-1973 John E. Westberry, 1974-1976 Richard M. Ballard, Jr., 1977-1979 Charles B. Wright, 1980-1981 Demetrius Newton, 1981-1984 James T. Floyd 1984-1987 Moses C. McClendon, 1987-1989 Carter D. Womack, 1989-1993 William E. Stanley, Jr., 1993-1995 Carter D. Womack, 1995-1997 Peter M. Adams, 1997-2001 Arthur R. Thomas, 2001-2005 Paul L. Griffin, Jr., 2005-2009 Jimmy Hammock, 2009-2013 Jonathan A. Mason, Sr., 2013–Present

Conclave[edit]

Main article: List of Phi Beta Sigma conclaves

The city of Little Rock, Arkansas served as the location of the Phi Beta Sigma’s 2015 Conclave.

The Conclave is the legislative power of Phi Beta Sigma. During a conclave year, delegates representing all of the active chapters from within the seven regions of the Fraternity meet in the chosen city. The Conclave-or fraternity convention- is currently held biannually and usually co-hosted by the alumni and collegiate chapters of the chosen city. During the convention, members of the General Board – the administrative body of the fraternity-are elected and appointed. The General Board may act in the interest of the Fraternity when the Conclave is not in session. In addition, seminars, social events, concerts, an international Miss Phi Beta Sigma Pageant, Stepshow, and oratorical contests are also held during the week-long conference. Throughout the years, notable individuals such as George Washington Carver, Dr. Carter G. Woodson, and NFL quarterback Charlie Batch were speakers at past Conclaves.

The Current General board is composed of The International President, First Vice-President, Second-Vice President, Treasurer, General Counsel, a Distinguished Service Chapter Representative, the regional directors, the immediate past-president, two collegiate members at large, and director of collegiate affairs. The offices of Second-Vice President and collegiate member at large are reserved positions on the general board for collegiate (undergraduate) members to hold. In addition, the Editor of The Crescent Magazine, Director of publicity, and the National Executive Director make up the members of the General Board. The latter-mentioned members are appointed to their positions and do not hold voting powers.

Distinguished Service Chapter members[edit]

Established at the 1929 Conclave, the Distinguished Service Chapter is the highest honor bestowed on a member of Phi Beta Sigma. Membership in the Distinguished Service Chapter must be recommended and approved by the awardees Chapter, Region, and by the General Board of the Fraternity prior to entry. One must meet the following criteria in order to be considered for this honor:

• Active in the Fraternity for at least ten years
• Has distinguished himself in the Fraternity and/or in his respective communities for extending exemplary service.

Brother Jesse W. Lewis holds the distinction of being voted in as the DSC’s 1st member (1929).

Regions[edit]

Main article: List of Phi Beta Sigma chapters

The seven regions of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity both within the United States and Internationally.

Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity organizes its chapters according to their regions in the United States and abroad. The seven regions are each led by a regional director and a regional board. A comprehensive list of regions is shown below:^[31]

Eastern (Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, the United States Virgin Islands, Africa, and Europe) Great Lakes (Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa) Gulf Coast (Louisiana, New Mexico, and Texas)

Southeastern (North Carolina, South Carolina and all of Tennessee east of the 86th Longitude) Southern (Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and the Bahamas, ) Southwestern (Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma and all of Tennessee west of the 86th Longitude) Western (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Japan, South Korea and Kuwait)

The national programs[edit]

Phi Beta Sigma National Programs^[32]

Bigger and Better Business	Project Vote
Project S.E.E.D.	Phi Beta Sigma Capitol Hill Summit
National Program of Education	Project S.A.T.A.P.P.
Project S.E.T.	Sigma Wellness Project
Project S.W.W.A.C.	The Sigma Beta Club
Clean Speech Movement	Sigma Academy
Sleepout For The Homeless	HIV/AIDS Awareness
Project S.A.D.A.	Project S.A.S
Project S.E.R.	Phi Beta Sigma National Marrow Donor Program
Sigma I.D. Day	Phi Beta Sigma – “A Fraternity that Reads”
Phi Beta Sigma – “Buying Black and Giving Back”

Phi Beta Sigma aims their focuses on issues that greatly impact the African American community and the youth of the nation. The Phi Beta Sigma national programs of Bigger and Better Business, Education and Social Action are realized through the Fraternity’s overarching program, Sigma Wellness, adopted in 2007.^[33]Through its national mentoring program for males ages 8–18, the organization provides opportunities for the development of young men as they prepare for college and the workforce.

The organization’s partnerships with the American Cancer Society, March of Dimes, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Boy Scouts of America and the Thurgood Marshall College Fund speaks to its mission to address societal ills including health disparities and educational and developmental opportunities for young males.

Bigger and Better Business[edit]

As told by Dr. I.L. Scruggs (excerpts from Our Cause Speeds On):

“Philadelphia, 1924, Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity ‘arrived’. We had a mob of people at this Conclave. There were representatives from twenty-eight chapters -and all the trimmings. The introduction of the Bigger and Better Negro Business idea was made by way of an exhibit devoted to this topic.

The Bigger and Better Negro Business idea was first tested in 1924 with an imposing exhibition in Philadelphia. This was held in connection with the Conclave. Twenty-five leading Negro Businesses sent statements and over fifty sent exhibits. The whole show took place in the lobby of the YMCA. Several thousand visitors seemed to have been impressed. The response was so great that the 1925 Conclave in Richmond, Virginia voted unanimously to make Bigger and Better Negro Business the public program of the Fraternity, and it has been so ever since.”

Phi Beta Sigma believes that the improvement and economic conditions of minorities is a major factor in the improvement of the general welfare of society. It is upon this conviction that the Bigger and Better Business Program rests. Since 1926, the Bigger and Better Business Program has been sponsored on a national scale by Phi Beta Sigma as a way of supporting, fostering, and promoting minority owned businesses and services.^[34]

The Bigger and Better Business serves as an umbrella for other national initiatives involving business. The program’s goals include supporting minority businesses, increasing communication with sigma brothers involved with business, and instilling sound business principals and practices to members of the community. Project S.E.E.D. (Sigma Economic Empowerment Development) is the foremost Bigger and Better Business Program. The program was developed to help the membership focus on two important areas: Financial Management and Home ownership.

Education[edit]

The founders of Phi Beta Sigma were all educators in their own right. The genesis of the Education Program lies in the traditional emphasis that the fraternity places on Education. During the 1945 conclave in St. Louis, Missouri, the fraternity underwent a constitution restructuring which led to the birth of the Education as a National Program.

The National Program of Education focuses on programming and services to graduate and undergraduates in the fraternity. Programs such as scholarships, lectures, college fairs, mentoring, and tutoring enhance this program on local, regional and national levels.^[35]

Project S.E.T. (Sigma Education Time) is focused on increasing grade point averages and graduation rates of collegiates throughout the nation. The program aims to help with job readiness, choosing a career path {3–5 year outlook}, interviewing techniques, negotiating and entrepreneurship.

The Sigma Beta Club provides mentoring, guidance, educational tutorial assistance and advise to young men between ages 6 to 18. Created in 1950, it was the first youth auxiliary group of any of the National Pan-Hellenic Council organizations.

Social action[edit]

Phi Beta Sigma at the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Phi Beta Sigma has from its very beginning concerned itself with improving the general well-being of minority groups. In 1934, a well-defined program of Social Action was formulated and put into action. Elmo M. Anderson, then president of Epsilon Sigma Chapter (New York) formulated this program calling for the reconstruction of social order. It was a tremendous success. It fit in with the social thinking of the American public in those New Deal years.

In the winter of 1934, Sigma brothers Elmo Anderson, James W. Johnson, Emmett May and Bob Jiggets presented the Social Action proposition to the Conclave in Washington, D.C. The idea was adopted as a national program at the same conclave. Anderson is credited as “The Father of Social Action”.^[36]

The fraternity’s five main social action programs are Project Vote, Sigma Wellness, Sigma Presence on Capitol Hill, and projects S.W.W.A.C. & S.A.T.A.P.P.

Project S.W.W.A.C. (Sigmas Waging War Against Cancer) is a concentrated and coordinated effort to reduce the incidence of cancer in the African American community. Through a partnership with the American Cancer Society, the goal of Project S.W.W.A.C. is to increase awareness, with a strong emphasis on early detection and prevention of prostate and colorectal cancer.^[37] Project S.A.T.A.P.P. is a collaborative venture with the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation to address the alarming rise in teenage pregnancy. The Sigma Wellness Project is focused on living healthier lifestyles through education. The goal of Project Vote is to register and educate citizens and encourage members of the community to participate in the democratic process. The Sigma Presence on Capitol Hill Program is focused on presenting Sigma members the opportunity to discuss many of the critical issues facing our communities with members of the U.S. Congress.^[37]

The Sigma Beta Club[edit]

In the early 1950s, Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity developed a youth auxiliary group. Under the direction of Dr. Parlett L. Moore the Sigma Beta Club was founded. While as National Director of Education, Brother Moore was concerned about our changing needs in our communities and recognized the important role that Sigma men could play in the lives of our youth. On April 23, 1954, the first club chapter was organized in Montgomery, AL. Throughout its existence, Sigma Beta Club has been an essential part of the total organizational structure of many of the Alumni chapters of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. and offers men of Sigma a unique opportunity to develop wholesome value, leadership skills, and social and cultural awareness of youth at a most critical stage in the youth’s personal development. The Sigma Beta Clubs’ principles of focus emphasize Culture, Athletics, Social and Educational needs. Sigma Beta Club programs are geared to meet the needs of its members, but at the same time provide them with a well-rounded outlook that is needed to cope with today’s society. Phi Beta Sigma is confident that investing in our youth today will produce effective leaders of tomorrow. Sigma Beta Clubs also provide services to youths in their communities. Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc.’s interest in fostering the development of youth into effective leaders has been realized in the establishment of strong and productive Sigma Beta Club all across the country.

The Phi Beta Sigma History Museum[edit]

The Sigma History Museum was a traveling exhibition created in 2001 by Sigma brothers Mark Pacich, Louis W. Lubin, Jr. and Ahab El’Askeni. The museum’s initial goal was to dispel the discrepancies of the Fraternity’s history, by collecting as many newspaper articles, Crescent Magazines, Conclave Journals, autographs, pictures, etc., as possible. With the help of many Sigma members, in addition to families and friends of Sigmas brothers, some impressive artifacts of the history of the Fraternity were discovered. Among those artifacts, pictures of Sigma Founder A. Langston Taylor; historical pictures from the 1914, 1915, and 1916 yearbooks at Howard University; original letters; Conclave banners; and interviews with Sigma Brother Decatur Morse, son of Sigma Founder Leonard F. Morse, Samuel Proctor Massie II, son of a Alpha Chapter charter member, Samuel P. Massie, Robert L. Pollard II, son of Sigma brother Col. Robert L. Pollard who joined Sigma in 1919, and Dr. Gregory Tignor, son of Sigma brother Madison Tignor who also joined Sigma in 1919. The exhibit has been displayed in many cities including; Orlando, Philadelphia, Detroit, Memphis, and Las Vegas.

“Culture For Service and Service For Humanity”

Phi Beta Sigma Motto

On July 16, 2014, as part of the fraternity’s centennial celebration, a permanent museum was opened at the Phi Beta Sigma International Headquarters in Washington D.C. As a result, Phi Beta Sigma became the first Historically Black Greek Lettered fraternity to open its own museum.^[38]

The assets of the museum have grown since the initial display in 2000. The most coveted possession yet to be acquired are the first 2 issues of the Phi Beta Sigma Journal. The museum is only 14 issues away from having every Crescent magazine ever printed.^[39]

Omega Psi Phi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Omega Psi Phi
ΩΨΦ
Founded	November 17, 1911; 105 years ago Howard University
Type	Social
Emphasis	Service
Scope	International
Motto	Friendship is Essential to the Soul
Colors	Royal Purple Old Gold
Symbol	Lamp
Publication	Oracle and Clarion Call
Chapters	750+
Cardinal Principles	Manhood, scholarship, perseverance and uplift
Headquarters	3951 Snapfinger Parkway Decatur, Georgia United States of America
Homepage	Omega Psi Phi Fraternity website

Omega Psi Phi Founders

The Alpha chapter of Omega Psi Phi in 1911.

Omega Psi Phi (ΩΨΦ) is an international fraternity with over 750 undergraduate and graduate chapters. The fraternity was founded on November 17, 1911 by three Howard University juniors, Edgar Amos Love, Oscar James Cooper and Frank Coleman, and their faculty adviser, Dr. Ernest Everett Just. Omega Psi Phi is the first predominantly African-American fraternity to be founded at a historically black university.^[1]

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1History
• 2Centennial Celebration
• 3Internationally Mandated Programs
• 4Membership
• 5National Pan-Hellenic Council membership
• 6Grand Basileus
• 7List of Omega Psi Phi Grand Conclaves
• 8Notable hazing incidents and controversies
• 9“Unofficial” practices
• 10See also
• 11References
• 12External links

History[edit]

Since its founding in 1911, Omega Psi Phi’s stated purpose has been to attract and build a strong and effective force of men dedicated to its Cardinal Principles of manhood, scholarship, perseverance, and uplift. Throughout the world, many notable members are recognized as leaders in the arts, academics, athletics, entertainment, business, civil rights, education, government, and science fields. A few notable members include Bill Cosby, Benjamin Mays, Bayard Rustin, Langston Hughes, Roy Wilkins, Benjamin Hooks, Vernon Jordan, Dr. Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr., Rev. Jesse Jackson, Rev. Dr. Mack King Carter, William H. Hastie (U.S. Virgin Islands) and L. Douglas Wilder, Representative James Clyburn, Earl Graves, Tom Joyner, Charles Bolden, Ronald McNair, General William “Kip” Ward, Michael Jordan, Shaquille O’Neal, Shammond Williams, Vince Carter, Steve Harvey, Rickey Smiley, Ray Lewis, Stephen A. Smith, and numerous presidents of colleges and universities. Over 250,000 men have been initiated into Omega Psi Phi throughout the United States, Bermuda, Bahamas, Virgin Islands, South Korea, Japan, Liberia, Germany, and Kuwait.^[1] On the 2013 Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens, six players and GM Ozzie Newsome are members.^[2]

In 1924, at the urging of fraternity member Carter G. Woodson, the fraternity launched Negro History and Literature Week in an effort to publicize the growing body of scholarship on African-American history.^[3] Encouraged by public interest, the event was renamed “Negro Achievement Week” in 1925 and given an expanded national presence in 1926 by Woodson’s Association for the Study of Negro Life as “Negro History Week.”^[3] Expanded to the full month of February from 1976, this event continues today as Black History Month.

Since 1945, the fraternity has undertaken a National Social Action Program to meet the needs of African Americans in the areas of health, housing, civil rights, and education. Omega Psi Phi has been a patron of the United Negro College Fund (UNCF) since 1955, providing an annual gift of $350,000,000 to the program.

Omega Psi Phi is a member of the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC), which is composed of nine predominately African-American Greek-letter sororities and fraternities that promote interaction through forums, meetings, and other media for the exchange of information, and engage in cooperative programming and initiatives throughout the world. The (NPHC) currently represents over 2.5 million members.^[4]

Centennial Celebration[edit]

Omega Psi Phi celebrated its centennial during the week of July 27–31, 2011 in Washington D.C., becoming distinguished as only the third African-American collegiate fraternity to reach the century mark.^[4] The Centennial Celebrationrecognized the impact of the Fraternity in communities over the past 100 years, honored Omega Men for achievement in all walks of life, reiterated Omega Psi Phi’s commitment to providing unparalleled community service and scholarship, and charted the Fraternity’s future activities.

Internationally Mandated Programs[edit]

Each Chapter administers Internationally Mandated Programs every year:^[5]

Achievement Week – A week in November that seeks to recognize individuals who have made notable contributions to society. During the Achievement Week, a High School Essay Contest is held and the winner usually receives a scholarship award.

Omega Psi Phi chapter members marching in an Independence Day parade, Ypsilanti, Michigan

Scholarship – The Charles R. Drew Scholarship Program encourages academic progress among the organization’s undergraduate members. A portion of the fraternity’s budget is designated for the Charles R. Drew Scholarship Commission, which awards scholarships to members and non-members.

Social Action Programs – All chapters are required to participate in programs that uplift their society. Many participate in activities like: voter registration, illiteracy programs, mentoring programs, fundraisers, and charitable organizations such as American Diabetes Association, United Way, and the Sickle Cell Anemia Foundation.

Omega Psi Phi chapter members at the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Talent Hunt Program – Each chapter is required to hold a yearly talent contest, to encourage young people to expose themselves to the Performing Arts. Individuals who win these talent contests receive an award, such as a scholarship.

Memorial Service – March 12 is Omega Psi Phi Memorial Day. Every chapter of the Fraternity performs a ritualistic memorial service to remember members who have died.

Reclamation and Retention – This program is an effort to encourage inactive members to become fully active and participate in the fraternity’s programs.

College Endowment Funds – The fraternity donates thousands of dollars to Historically Black Colleges and Universities each year.

Health Initiatives – Chapters are required to coordinate programs that will encourage good health practices. Programs that members involve themselves in include HIV/AIDS awareness, blood drives, prostate cancer awareness, and sickle cell anemia awareness programs.

Voter Registration, Education and Motivation – Coordination activities that promote voter registration and mobilization.

NAACP – A Life Membership at Large in the NAACP is required by all chapters and districts.^[6]

Membership[edit]

Further information: List of Omega Psi Phi brothers and List of Omega Psi Phi chapters

Omega Psi Phi recognizes undergraduate and graduate membership. College students must be working toward a bachelor’s degree at a four-year institution, have at least 31 semester credits, and maintain at least a 2.5 grade point average. For the graduate chapter, an applicant must already possess a bachelor’s degree.^[7] The fraternity grants honorary membership to men who have contributed to society in a positive way on a national or international level. For example, Charles Young (March 12, 1864 – January 2, 1922) was the third African American graduate of West Point, the first black U.S. national park superintendent, the first African American military attaché, and the highest ranking black officer (Colonel) in the United States Army until his death in 1922.

National Pan-Hellenic Council membership[edit]

Main article: National Pan-Hellenic Council

In 1930, Omega Psi Phi became one of 5 founding members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC). Today, the NPHC is composed of nine international black Greek-letter sororities and fraternities and promotes interaction through forums, meetings, and other mediums for the exchange of information, and engages in cooperative programming and initiatives through various activities and functions.^[8]

Grand Basileus[edit]

Omega Psi Phi shoulder bag

Name	Order	Time in Office	Ref.
Edgar Amos Love	1st Grand Basileus	1911–1912	[9][10]
Oscar J. Cooper	2nd Grand Basileus	1912–1913	[9][10]
Edgar Amos Love	3rd Grand Basileus	1913–1915	[9][10]
George E. Hall	4th Grand Basileus	1915–1916	[9][10]
James C. McMorries	5th Grand Basileus	1916–1917	[9][10]
Clarence F. Holmes	6th Grand Basileus	1917–1918	[9][10][11]
Raymond G. Robinson	7th Grand Basileus	1918–1920	[9][10][12]
Harold H. Thomas	8th Grand Basileus	1920–1921	[9][10]
J. Alston Atkins	9th Grand Basileus	1921–1924	[10][13][14]
John W. Love	10th Grand Basileus	1924[a]	[10]
George L. Vaughn	11th Grand Basileus	1924–1926	[10][13]
Julius S. McClain	12th Grand Basileus	1926–1929	[10][12][15]
Matthew W. Bullock	13th Grand Basileus	1929–1932	[10]
Lawrence A. Oxley	14th Grand Basileus	1932–1935	[10][16]
William Baugh	15th Grand Basileus	1935–1937	[10][17]
Albert W. Dent	16th Grand Basileus	1937–1940	[10][17]
Z. Alexander Looby	17th Grand Basileus	1940–1945	[10][13][18]
Campbell C. Johnson	18th Grand Basileus	1945–1947	[10]
Harry Penn	19th Grand Basileus	1947–1949	[10]
Milo C. Murray	20th Grand Basileus	1949–1951	[10]
Grant Reynolds	21st Grand Basileus	1951–1953	[10][13][19]
John F. Potts	22nd Grand Basileus	1953–1955	[10][20][21]
Herbert E. Tucker, Jr.	23rd Grand Basileus	1955–1958	[10][22]
I. Gregory Newton	24th Grand Basileus	1958–1961	[10][16]
Cary D. Jacobs	25th Grand Basileus	1961–1964	[10][23]
George E. Meares	26th Grand Basileus	1964–1967	[13]
Ellis F. Corbett	27th Grand Basileus	1967–1970	[24]
James Avery	28th Grand Basileus	1970–1973	[23][25]
Marion Garnett	29th Grand Basileus	1973–1976	[26][27][28]
Dr. Edward Braynon, Jr.	30th Grand Basileus	1976–1979	[25][29][30][31]
Burnel E. Coulon	31st Grand Basileus	1979−1982	[25][30][32]
Dr. L. Benjamin Livingston	32nd Grand Basileus	1982–1984	[33]
Dr. Moses C. Norman	33rd Grand Basileus	1984–1990	[25][30][34]
Dr. C. Tyrone Gilmore, Sr	34th Grand Basileus	1990–1994	[9][25][30]
Dr. Dorsey Miller	35th Grand Basileus	1994–1998	[9][25][30]
Lloyd Jordan, Esq.	36th Grand Basileus	1998–2002	[9][25][30]
George H. Grace	37th Grand Basileus	2002–2006	[25]
Warren G. Lee	38th Grand Basileus	2006–2010	[30]
Dr. Andrew Ray	39th Grand Basileus	2010–2014	[35]
Antonio Knox	40th Grand Basileus	2014–present	.

a. Finished unexpired term of Atkins^[10]

List of Omega Psi Phi Grand Conclaves[edit]

Main article: List of Omega Psi Phi Grand Conclaves

Notable hazing incidents and controversies[edit]

In 1977, Robert Brazile, a student at the University of Pennsylvania, died at a fraternity house meeting due to injuries and beatings he sustained while pledging the fraternity.^[36]

In 1978, Nathaniel Swimson, a student at North Carolina Central University, died during an off-campus initiation activity. He was asked to run several miles before he collapsed and died.^[36]

In 1983, Vann Watts, a student at Tennessee State University, died of an alcohol overdose following an initiation party. It was reported that prior to his death, he was severely beaten and verbally assaulted by fraternity members.^[37]

In 1984, a Hampton University student was killed during an Omega Psi Phi ritual. The family of the deceased student settled with the fraternity for an undisclosed amount as a result of his wrongful death.^[38]

In 1986, Thomas Harold, a student at Lamar University, died as a result of running miles on Lamar’s track as part of a pledging task.^[39][40]

In 1993, 24 Omegas were arrested for making pledges from University of Maryland at College Park eat vomit and dog biscuits, dropping hot wax on their necks, and beating them so badly that they needed medical attention.^[41]

In 1999, Omega Psi Phi was court ordered to pay a former University of Louisville student nearly $1 million dollars for suffering kidney failure due to hazing activity in 1997.^[42]

In 2001, Joseph T. Green, a student at Tennessee State University, died as result of an asthma attack he developed from being asked to run long distances while pledging. In 2002, his family filed a $15 million wrongful death lawsuit against the men of Omega Psi Phi Incorporated.^{[43] [44]}

In 2009, a former pledge at the University of Houston (UH) settled with the fraternity for an undisclosed amount after being hit with a baseball bat, wood board, and TV antenna while pledging. The UH student wanted to join the fraternity because his father was a member. The chapter was placed on suspension following this incident. ^[45]

In 2014, the chapter at Valdosta State University was banned from campus until at least August 2022 due to severe hazing and violating the school’s code of conduct.^[46]

In 2015, six Omega Psi Phi members at Johnson C. Smith University were arrested and charged with assault for severely beating pledges over a two-month span.^[47]

In 2015, four Omega Psi Phi members at Saginaw Valley State University were arrested and charged for striking pledges with open hands and paddles. One known pledge sustained a serious injury after losing consciousness one night pledging.^[48]

In 2015, a Florida Atlantic University student reported to the police she was gang-raped at an Omega Psi Phi “Oil Spill” step show after party. Inside the party, she stated she was suddenly and forcefully pulled behind curtains and raped by a group of men in a dark area.^[49]

In 2016, the fraternity at Florida State University was suspended for severely abusing pledges and violating the university’s code of conduct.^[50] Criminal charges are pending for members of the fraternity. That same year, the Cornell University chapter hosted a party to which several hundred people attended. At the end of the night, two visitors were stabbed and one died as they left, amidst several fights that broke out.^[51]

Despite Omega Psi Phi taking an official stance against hazing and disorderly conduct, the fraternity continues to be plagued with many lawsuits and serious consequences due to mistreatment of potential members and fraternity misconduct.^[52][53]

“Unofficial” practices[edit]

Like many fraternal organizations, Omega Psi Phi has a rich tradition of practices. While some traditions are naturally secret, many are freely expressed in public. A popular one is referring to members as “Que Dogs” or “Ques”. Another is the practice of members voluntarily undergoing branding of the letters, or variations and designs based on them (such as two linked Omega symbols), on their skin. The brands often are displayed in public as a matter of pride; some prospects first learn of the fraternity by seeing members bearing brands.^[54]

Omega Phi Gamma

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Omega Phi Gamma
ΩΦΓ
Founded	May 21, 1995; 21 years ago University of Texas at Austin
Type	Social
Scope	Asian-interest
Motto	“Bound by Honor, Rise above All”
Colors	Ash Grey Black
Symbol	Dragon
Chapters	5
Creed	We, the brothers of Omega Phi Gamma, swear to uphold the traditions and ideas of our fraternity, to promote brotherhood among all, to display leadership among others, and individuality within ourselves
Homepage	http://www.omegaphigamma.com/

Omega Phi Gamma (ΩΦΓ, also known as Omegas or OPhiG) is an Asian-interest fraternity established in the Spring of 1995 at the University of Texas at Austin. They strive to promote brotherhood, leadership, and service within the Asian-American community, and continue to maintain the highest levels of excellence while encouraging the growth of strong and successful men.

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1History
• 2Founding Fathers
• 3Unity Talent Show
• 4Philanthropy/Scholarships
• 5Chapters
  • 5.1Affiliations
• 6References
• 7External links

History[edit]

Omega Phi Gamma was founded at the University of Texas at Austin in the fall of 1995. The founding fathers were originally brought together by their sister sorority, Sigma Phi Omega. The founders took the Sigma Phi Omega big brother program and merged it with close friends to form the original group of brothers.What they envisioned was an Asian American organization that truly promoted the principles of brotherhood and provided a balance between community service and social activity

Omega Convention 20th Anniversary and Texas A&M Charter Class Crossing Ceremony

The founding fathers came together for the first time on November 18, 1994. On December 2, 1994, the founders officially introduced themselves with a new fraternity tradition, the step show. During the spring of 1995, they began working on a charter from other already established Asian fraternities. However, they were unimpressed with the quality of the fraternities they visited, and so the founders voted unanimously to start a fraternity from scratch, Omega Phi Gamma.

After the founders created Omega Phi Gamma, one of its early members propose to create a brother fraternity and asked for support in building another fraternity from scratch which is now Delta Epsilon Psi, a South Asian interest fraternity. Alongside with Sigma Phi Omega and Delta Epsilon Psi they created the original Tri-fam and has one of the strongest bonds between organizations.

Founding Fathers[edit]

Alex Chang Ting Chang Tom Chang Charlie Chang Christian Fernandez Michael Gong Minh Ha Jeff Ho Nguyen Ho Dave Lee

Matthew Lee Michael Lee Sung Lim Hsin-Lei Liu Thomas Nguyen Andy Pan William Reeves Andrew To Joseph Yu Stephen Yuen

Founder, Thomas Nguyen (Middle) and Alpha class, Aiki Tran (left) on CNBC’s Restaurant Startup reality show

Unity Talent Show[edit]

Every fall semester during rush, the brothers of Omega Phi Gamma host one of the largest talents shows on campus as a way to promote unity among all organizations and perform their traditional step show to show new students all that they have to offer. Unity showcases the talents of various ethnic organizations on campus in order to promote cohesion and discover commonalities among diverse groups through friendly competition.

Omegas at Unity 2016

Philanthropy/Scholarships[edit]

• Omega Phi Gamma Endowment Scholarship

Omega Phi Gamma is the only fraternity at the University of Texas at Austin with an endowment scholarship program to help incoming students financially with their education. The Omega Phi Gamma Endowment Scholarship program is funded by the alumni of the fraternity to give back to students in financial need.

• Philanthropy

As a service/social fraternity, Omega Phi Gamma partake in numerous community service events every year. As part of their annual philanthropic project, they raise funds for the Lance Armstrong Foundation as part of their Riding to Fight Cancer Week. Within this project, they participate in the Austin LIVESTRONG Challenge to raise awareness for the fight against cancer. The fraternity has raised over 10,000 dollars for the Lance Armstrong Foundation and the fight against cancer.

Actives and Alumnus from all chapters participate in the Livestrong bike ride to raise funds for cancer awareness

In addition to this, Omega Phi Gamma is prominently involved on campus and in the local community. The fraternity has been volunteering at local schools tutoring children, at the University United Methodist Church feeding the homeless, and most recently at Project 2016, a community service project sponsored by the University of Texas at Austin, fixing houses to be given to those less fortunate. They have also adopted a street as part of the Keep Austin Beautiful project.

Chapters[edit]

• Founding – University of Texas at Austin
• Alpha – Baylor University (Inactive)
• Beta – University of Houston
• Gamma – University of Texas at San Antonio
• Delta – Texas A&M University

Affiliations[edit]

• Sister Sorority – Sigma Phi Omega ΣΦΩ
• Brother Fraternity – Delta Epsilon Psi ΔΕΨ

Omega Delta Phi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Omega Delta Phi
ΩΔΦ
Founded	November 25, 1987 Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
Type	Social
Emphasis	Service
Scope	National
Motto	Crescit Eundo It grows as it goes
Slogan	One Culture, Any Race
Colors	Scarlet Silver Black
Symbol	Knight
Flower	Silver Rose
Publication	Seven Visions Magazine
Philanthropy	Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA)
Chapters	58 Chapters [1]
Colonies	19 Colonies [1]
Nickname	ODPhi or The Phi’s
Sacraments	Unity, Honesty, Integrity, Leadership
Headquarters	P.O. Box 91610 Phoenix, Arizona U.S.
Homepage	www.omegadeltaphi.com

Omega Delta Phi (ΩΔΦ), also known as O D Phi or The Phi’s, is an intercollegiate fraternity that was founded on November 25, 1987, by seven students attending Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas. Its seven founders known as the “Men of Vision” to fraternity members wanted to create an organization to help students graduate. This initial organization became Omega Delta Phi Fraternity. Over the past twenty years the Fraternity has changed and adopted other values such as an emphasis on Community Service. Omega Delta Phi was named Fraternity of the Year for 2003, 2004, and 2005 by the National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations (NALFO).^[2] Although one of the Greek organizations that founded NALFO, Omega Delta Phi withdrew their membership in December 2008.^[3]

Omega Delta Phi is a multicultural service/social fraternity that aims at graduating its members while giving back to the community. The Fraternity has established itself on over 60 campuses and is predominantly centered in Texas and the Southwest. However, the fraternity has been experiencing tremendous growth in the Midwest the last 10 years. Although founded mainly by Latinos, the fraternity has traditionally always been open to men of different backgrounds, as demonstrated through its “One culture, any race” philosophy.

In the early 1990s, Omega Delta Phi chapters were established in university systems such as the Texas A&M University System, University of Texas System, New Mexico and Arizona systems. Later on, because of the increasing popularity of the Internet, the fraternity experienced growth and chapters were founded in cities such as the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex area, Houston, and Seattle. The fraternity established a short-lived international colony in Mexico City, Mexico as well.^[4] In 2000, Omega Delta Phi founded an alumni association to provide a support group for its alumni base.^[5] The fraternity now has several alumni chapters throughout the U.S. and Mexico^{[citation needed]} The organization continues to grow beyond the Southwestern and Midwestern United States and now has chapters, colonies, and clubs on both the west and east coasts.

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1History
  • 1.1Founding
  • 1.2Early history
• 2Entities
• 3Philanthropy
  • 3.1Court-appointed special advocates
• 4Annual conferences
  • 4.1National conference
    • 4.1.1National conference hosting cities
  • 4.2National undergraduate conference
• 5Recognition
  • 5.1Texas Tech Room
  • 5.2NALFO Awards
    • 5.2.12006
    • 5.2.22004
    • 5.2.32003
    • 5.2.42002
    • 5.2.52001
• 6See also
• 7References
• 8External links

History[edit]

Founding[edit]

Omega Delta Phi was founded by the following seven individuals in the fall of 1987 at Texas Tech University:^[6]

• Joe Cereceres
• Eugene Dominguez
• Arturo Barraza
• Juan Barraza
• Tommy Hurtado
• Dwight Christopher Forbes
• Elliot Bazan

According to members of Omega Delta Phi, the fraternity was the brainchild of Joe Cereceres, the Original Dawg of the Phis. Joe Cereceres is credited as being the founder who came up with the idea of starting the fraternity. Cereceres, seeing how a male organization with a similar fraternal structure could be beneficial, began searching for others that would share in his vision. After getting together six other men they began to have weekly meetings. These meetings consisted of informal discussions about what they were going to do as a group. At the time not everyone was on board with starting a Fraternal organization because of the negative stigma that surrounded Fraternities. However, after many lengthy meetings the group decided that they could change that stigma through positive actions. They decided to focus on graduation and service as the main goals of their new organization. On November 25, 1987,^[7] the group was officially recognized as a Fraternity and granted Charter status from Texas Tech University. In 1988 Omega Delta Phi initiated its first class with 12 new members that would later be known as the Charter Class.

Early history[edit]

Much of Omega Delta Phi’s early history dealt with finding an identity. It was at this time that many of the first traditions of the fraternity were born. The Crest, as well as the sacraments, and motifs were adopted during this time. It was also at this time that the practice of consumption of any alcohol while wearing Omega Delta Phi paraphernalia was forbidden. An identity issue that arose was whether or not the organization would identify itself as a social or service organization. In the end the organization identified itself as a “service/social” organization. During this early history, word has spread about Omega Delta Phi to another man named Jaime Mendez. Mendez seeing the potential in the organization started his own chapter of Omega Delta Phi at the University of Texas at El Paso. The chapter was founded without the consent of the original Texas Tech Chapter. After some minor controversy, the chapters reconciled their differences and set up an expansion strategy that spread across the country.^[8]

Entities[edit]

Main article: List of Omega Delta Phi Chapters

Philanthropy[edit]

Court-appointed special advocates[edit]

CASA Logo

In 2009,^[9] Omega Delta Phi became the second Greek Letter Organization^[10] to officially partner with Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA).

CASA is a national organization that supports court-appointed advocates for abused or neglected children. While you must be 21 years of age to become a court-appointed advocate for a child in need, each undergraduate entity partners with their local CASA office to assist the philanthropic organization. The members of Omega Delta Phi provide CASA with both manpower at local CASA events and assist in raising funds for CASA.^[11][12]

Given that most of the members of the fraternity are first-generation college students, Omega Delta Phi is keen on getting people in our communities to be advocates for our foster kids.

Annual conferences[edit]

National conference[edit]

Each summer, Omega Delta Phi hosts an annual conference where all entities and alumni are invited to attend. Brothers participate in meetings, workshops, networking sessions as well as showcases where teams from entities compete in various competitions. The National Alumni Association also has hosts their meetings, as well as the board of directors. Brothers also have a chance to hear from the future leaders of the fraternity during election years.

National conference hosting cities[edit]

• 2019 – Portland, OR
• 2018 – Chicago, IL
• 2017 – Dallas, TX
• 2016 – Reno, NV
• 2015 – San Antonio, TX
• 2014 – Salt Lake City, UT
• 2013 – Milwaukee, WI
• 2012 – Lubbock, TX (25th anniversary)
• 2011 – Orlando, FL
• 2010 – Seattle, WA
• 2009 – Houston, TX
• 2006 – Austin, TX
• 2005 – Los Angeles, CA
• 2004 – Chicago, IL
• 2003 – Seattle, WA
• 2002 – Lubbock, TX (15th anniversary)
• 2001 – Houston, TX
• 1999 – San Antonio, TX

National undergraduate conference[edit]

Each winter, Omega Delta Phi entities meet in a similar conference to the one during the summer, but on a smaller scale (known as “NUC”). The conference is heavily focused on meetings and workshops to prepare for the upcoming spring semesters.

Recognition[edit]

Texas Tech Room[edit]

In the summer of 2002,^[13] Texas Tech University, where the fraternity was founded in 1987, honored the fraternity by dedicating a conference room to Omega Delta Phi. Currently, the organization is collecting donations to fund a renovation of the room.^[14]

NALFO Awards[edit]

Prior to leaving the NALFO council (Omega Delta Phi is currently a member of NIC), Omega Delta Phi received the following awards from NALFO.^[15]

2006[edit]

• Campus Leadership Excellence- Undergraduate: Andrew Ortiz
• Undergraduate Philanthropist of the Year: Andrew Ortiz (tie)
• Rising Professional Alumni: Alex Alvarez
• Undergraduate Chapter of the Year: Omega Delta Phi, Xi Chapter
• Alumni/Graduate Chapter of the Year: DFW Alumni Association 2005
• Alumni/Graduate Chapter of the Year: Omega Delta Phi, Dallas/Ft. Worth
• Philanthropic Excellence – Alumni: Omega Delta Phi DFW Alumni Association
• Philanthropic Excellence – Undergraduate: Omega Delta Phi – Lambda Chapter
• Professional of the Year (tie): Andrew Ortiz, Omega Delta Phi
• Organization (Fraternity) of the Year: Omega Delta Phi Fraternity, Inc

2004[edit]

• Alumni / Graduate Chapter of the Year: Omega Delta Phi, Dallas/Ft. Worth
• Philanthropic Excellence (Graduate / Alumni): Omega Delta Phi, Dallas/Ft. Worth
• Organizational Leadership Excellence: Alejandro Rios, Omega Delta Phi
• Undergraduate Excellence: Darrell A. Rodriguez, Omega Delta Phi
• Organization (Fraternity) of the Year: Omega Delta Phi Fraternity, Inc.

2003[edit]

• Undergraduate Chapter of the Year: Gamma Chapter
• Rising Professional: David Ortiz
• Outstanding Web Presence: Dallas Ft. Worth Alumni (http://www.odphialumni.org)
• Community and Educational Planning: Pi Chapter
• Alumni Chapter of the Year: Dallas/Ft. Worth Alumni
• Organization (Fraternity) of the Year: Omega Delta Phi Fraternity, Inc.

2002[edit]

• Community and Education Planning: Alpha Beta Chapter Michigan State University – Young Knights

2001[edit]

• Academic Excellence – Graduate: David A. Ortiz
• Alumnus – Alumnae of the Year: David A. Ortiz

Anti Trump Protest

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Protests against Donald Trump
From top to bottom: Protestors in St. Paul, Minnesota, a protest near the United Nations Plaza in San Francisco, and Chicago, Illinois
Location	United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Philippines, Australia, Israel, among other countries.
Causes	Donald Trump‘s presidential campaign Trump’s election
Methods	Demonstration, riots, Internet activism, political campaigning, vandalism, arson
Result	Protests ongoing Escalation following the election of Trump Escalation following Trump’s inauguration Escalation following Trump’s order suspending certain foreigners from entering the US
Number
Presidential campaign Thousands of protesters Chicago protest 2,500+[1] Los Angeles protest 1,000–3,000[2][3][4] New York protest 1,500–2,000[5] Post-election Pre-inauguration 100,000+ Women’s March 500,000+ (Washington, D.C.) 2–4 million (US) 4–5 million (world)[6]
Casualties
Injuries	43+[7][8][9]
Arrested	371+ [7]

Protests against Donald Trump, or anti-Trump protests, have occurred both in the United States and worldwide following Donald Trump‘s 2016 presidential campaign, his electoral win, and through his inauguration.

Contents

 

• 1.Campaign protests
  • 1.1Political rallies
  • 1.2Fake News
  • 1.3Trump’s reactions
  • 1.4Security
• 2.Post-election protests
  • Protests during Trump’s campaign
    • 2.12015
      • 2.1.1June
      • 2.1.2July
      • 2.1.3August
      • 2.1.4September
      • 2.1.5October
      • 2.1.6November
      • 2.1.7December
    • 2.22016
      • 2.2.1January
      • 2.2.2February
      • 2.2.3March
      • 2.2.4April
      • 2.2.5May
      • 2.2.6June
      • 2.2.7July
      • 2.2.8August
      • 2.2.9October
      • 2.2.10November
      • 2.2.11 December
• 3.Stop trump movement
• 4. Protests during Trump’s presidency
• 4.1. January
• 4.2.Inauguration protests
• 4.3.Women’s March
  • 4.1 Organizers
  • 4.2 National co-chairs
  • 4.3 Policy platform
  • 4.4 Washington, D.C.
    • 4.4.1 Name origin
    • 4.4.2 Logistics planning
    • 4.4.3 Partnerships
    • 4.4.4 Speakers
    • 4.4.5 Pussyhat Project
    • 4.4.6 Other U.S. locations
      • 4.4.6.1 Political figures
      • 4.4.6.2 Celebrities
      • 4.4.6.3 Signage
    • 4.4.7.International
    • 4.4.8. Response
      • 4.4.6.1 Academics
      • 4.4.6.2 Media
      • 4.4.6.3 Politicians
      • 4.4.6.4 Celebrities
      • 4.4.6.5 Activists
• 5.Follow-up
• 6.Locations
  
• 7. Kennedy Airport protest
  • 7.1 New York City
  • 7.2 California
  • 7.3 Chicago
  • 7.4 Dallas–Fort Worth
  • 7.5 Detroit
  • 7.6 Indianapolis
  • 7.7 Massachusetts
  • 7.8 Raleigh–Durham
  • 7.9 Seattle
  • 7.10 Washington, D.C.
  • 7.11 United Kingdom
• 8. February 2017
• 8.1 Bodega protests
• 8.2 Protests on February 4, 2017
• 8.3 Protests on the weekend of February 11, 2017
• 8.4 Day Without Immigrants
• 9. March
• 9.1 Resist Trump Tuesdays
• 9.2 United Voices Rally
• 9.3.A Day Without a Woman
• 10. April
• 10.1.Tax Day March
• 10.2. March for Science
• 11.May 2017
• 12.June 2017
• 13.July 2017
• 14. August 2017
• 15. September 2017
• 16. November 2017
• 17. January 2018

Campaign protests

A number of protests against Donald Trump’s candidacy and political positions occurred during his presidential campaign, including at political rallies.

Political rallies

During his presidential campaign, activists occasionally organized demonstrations inside Trump’s rallies, sometimes with calls to shut the rallies down;^[10][11][12] fueled by some of Trump’s language,^[13] protesters began to attend his rallies displaying signs and disrupting proceedings.^[14][15] Following Trump’s election to the presidency, students and activists organized larger protests in several major cities across the United States, including New York, Boston, Chicago, Portland, and Oakland. Tens of thousands of protesters participated,^[16][17][18] with many chanting “Not my president!” to express their opposition to Trump’s victory in the Electoral College. (He lost the popular vote by a margin of 2.1 percent.)^[19]

There were occasional incidents of verbal abuse or physical violence, either against protesters or against Trump supporters. While most of the incidents amounted to simple heckling against the candidate, a few people had to be stopped by Secret Service agents. Large-scale disruption forced Trump to cancel a rally in Chicago on March 11, 2016, out of safety concerns.

Many protesters were part of organized groups such as Black Lives Matter.^[20][21] They sometimes attempted to enter the venue or engage in activities outside the venue. Interactions with supporters of the candidate may occur before, during, or after the event.^[22] At times, protesters attempted to rush the stage at Trump’s rallies.^[23] At times, protests turned violent and anti-Trump protesters have been attacked by Trump supporters; this violence has received bipartisan condemnation.^[24] MoveOn.org, People for Bernie, the Muslim Students’ Association, Assata’s Daughters, the Black Student Union, Fearless Undocumented Alliance, and Black Lives Matter were among the organizations who sponsored or promoted the protests at the March 11 Chicago Trump rally.^{[10][25][26][27]}

There were reports of verbal and physical confrontations between Trump supporters and protesters at Trump’s campaign events.^[28][29]

Fake News

Fox News incorrectly reported on a Craigslist advertisement that claimed to pay people $15 per hour, for up to four hours, if they took part in protests against Trump.^[30] The fact checking website PolitiFact.com, rated a separate story titled “Donald Trump Protester Speaks Out: ‘I Was Paid $3,500 To Protest Trump’s Rally'” as “100 percent fabricated, as its author acknowledges.”^[31] Paul Horner, a writer for a fake news website, took credit for the article, and said he posted the deceitful ad himself.^[32]

Trump’s reactions

During the campaign, Trump was accused by some of creating aggressive undertones at his rallies.^[33] Trump’s Republican rivals blamed him for fostering a climate of violence, and escalating tension during events.^[34] Initially, Trump did not condemn the acts of violence that occurred at many of his rallies, and indeed encouraged them in some cases.^[35][36]

In November 2015, Trump said of a protester in Birmingham, Alabama, “Maybe he should have been roughed up, because it was absolutely disgusting what he was doing.”^[37] In December, the campaign urged attendees not to harm protesters, but rather to alert law enforcement officers of them by holding signs above their head and yelling, “Trump! Trump! Trump!”^[38]Trump has been criticized for additional instances of fomenting an atmosphere conducive to violence through many of his comments. For example, Trump told a crowd in Cedar Rapids, Iowa that he would pay their legal fees if they engaged a protester.^[39]

On February 23, 2016, when a protester was ejected from a rally in Las Vegas, Trump stated, “I love the old days—you know what they used to do to guys like that when they were in a place like this? They’d be carried out on a stretcher, folks.” He added, “I’d like to punch him in the face.”^[40][41][42] Following criticism from the media over his language toward protesters, Trump began to backtrack and started encouraging supporters at rallies to not injure any protesters. He also admitted at his San Jose rally that he was wrong to make such inflammatory comments in the past.^[43]

Security

Fairly early in the campaign the United States Secret Service assumed primary responsibility for Trump’s security. They were augmented by state and local law enforcement as needed. When a venue was rented by the campaign, the rally was a private event and the campaign might grant or deny entry to it with no reason given; the only stipulation was that exclusion solely on the basis of race was forbidden. Those who entered or remained inside such a venue without permission were technically guilty of or liable for trespass.^[21] Attendees or the press could be assigned or restricted to particular areas in the venue.^[20]

In March 2016, Politico reported that the Trump campaign hired plainclothes private security guards to preemptively remove potential protesters from rallies.^[44] That same month, a group calling itself the “Lion Guard” was formed to offer “additional security” at Trump rallies. The group was quickly condemned by mainstream political activists as a paramilitary fringe organization.

Timeline of protests against Donald Trump

The following is a timeline of protests against Donald Trump.

People taking part of the 2017 Women’s March on DC the day after Donald Trump’s inauguration.

Protesters at the inauguration of Donald Trump

Protests during Trump’s campaign[edit]

2015[edit]

Protests against Trump began following the announcement of his candidacy in June 2015, especially after he said that illegal immigrants from Mexico were “bringing drugs, bringing crime, they’re rapists”.^[1][2]

June[edit]

• June 17 – At Trump’s first rally in New Hampshire, three protesters entered the rally and held up signs. This was the first documented protest of the campaign.^[3][4]
• June 29 – At a luncheon in Chicago, about 100 protesters gathered across from the City Club of Chicago to demonstrate.^[1]

July[edit]

A protest against Trump at the future Trump International Hotel Washington, D.C. on July 9, 2015

• July 9 – In Washington, D.C., a group of protesters gathered outside of the future Trump International Hotel Washington D.C. to demonstrate and “call for a worldwide boycott of Trump properties and TV shows”.^[5]
• July 10 – While Trump spoke at a Friends of Abe gathering, about 150 protesters gathered with signs and hitting piñatas made in Trump’s image. A smaller group of Trump supporters gathered near the protests and caused tension, with one Trump supporter beginning to jab at protesters.^[6]
• July 12 – Protesters interrupted Trump at a speech in Phoenix, Arizona, with a large sign and were later escorted out while Trump supporters chanted “U-S-A!“.^[7]
• July 23 – Trump arrived in Laredo, Texas, and was greeted by protesters while others gathered in support.^[8]

August[edit]

• August 11 – About 150 protesters gathered in Birch Run, Michigan outside of a rally at the Birch Run Expo Center, gathered by the Democratic Party of Michigan due to what they called “anti-immigrant, anti-veteran statements” made by Trump.^[9]
• August 25 – During a press conference, Univision anchor Jorge Ramos began to question Trump since before being called on. After being told “Sit down! you weren’t called” and “Go back to Univision”, Ramos continued to protest Trump’s plan to deport illegal immigrants and their children born into citizenship in the U.S. Trump motioned to his security, with Keith Schiller removing Ramos from the event. Trump later met with Ramos alone.^[10][11][12]

September[edit]

• September 3 – Trump’s chief of security, Keith Schiller, was filmed punching a protester.^[13]

October[edit]

• October 14 – In Richmond, Virginia, several clashes broke out between protesters and Trump supporters.^[14]

November[edit]

• November 7 – Over 200 protesters, many of them Latino, demonstrated outside of 30 Rockefeller Plaza, where Trump was hosting Saturday Night Live.^[15]

December[edit]

• December 4 – After being interrupted ten times during a speech in Raleigh, North Carolina, Trump ended his rally.^[16]
• December 12 – Multiple protesters heckled Trump during a rally in Aiken, South Carolina.^[17]
• December 22 – Trump’s speech was interrupted more than ten times at a rally in Grand Rapids, Michigan, with dozens of protesters being ejected. Trump characterized the protesters as “drugged out”, antagonized them by calling them “so weak for not fighting security”, and asked protesters why they interrupted him “in a group of 9,000 maniacs that want to kill them”.^[18]

2016[edit]

January[edit]

Trump protest in Lowell, Massachusetts, January 2016

• January 4 – Protesters interrupted Trump several times in Lowell, Massachusetts, with some chanting support for Bernie Sanders and the Black Lives Matter movement.^[19]
• January 8 – During Trump’s visit to Burlington, Vermont, about 700 protesters demonstrated in the City Hall Park.^[20]

February[edit]

• February 27 – In Valdosta, Georgia, 30 Valdosta State University students were asked to leave a college venue leased by the Trump campaign for a speech.^[21][22]
• February 29 – At a rally, veteran photojournalist Chris Morris was grabbed by his throat and thrown to the ground by a member of the Secret Service.^[23]

March[edit]

Trump rally at UIC Pavilion in Chicago on March 11, 2016, immediately after news of Trump’s cancellation of attendance of the event. Many protesters cheer “Bernie!” to show their support for Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders.

• March 1 – Kashiya Nwanguma attended a Trump rally in Louisville, Kentucky, with two anti-Trump signs. She reported that Trump supporters ripped her signs away and shouted insults at her.^[24]
• March 10 – As Trump was being led by police from a rally in Fayetteville, North Carolina, a protester was punched by a Trump supporter. Charges of assault and battery were filed by the Cumberland County Sheriff’s Office.^[25][26][27] A protester being led by police from a rally in Fayetteville, North Carolina, was sucker punched by John McGraw, a Trump supporter. McGraw later told the media that the next time he saw the protester, “we might have to kill him.”^[28]McGraw was subsequently charged with assault and battery.^[25][27][29] On Meet the Press, Trump said that he had instructed his team to look into paying McGraw’s legal fees and said, “He obviously loves his country.”

2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest

On March 11, 2016, the Donald Trump presidential campaign cancelled a planned rally at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), in Chicago, Illinois, citing “growing safety concerns” due to the presence of thousands of protesters in and outside of his rally.^[5][6]

Thousands of anti-Trump demonstrators responding to civic leaders’ and social media calls to shut the rally down had gathered outside the arena, and several hundred more filled seating areas within the UIC Pavilion, where the rally was to take place. When the Trump campaign announced that the rally would not take place, there was a great deal of shouting and a few small scuffles between Trump supporters and anti-Trump protesters.

Prelude[edit source]

Plans to protest the Trump rally were launched a week in advance by a variety of community and student groups who largely organized via social media. Some 43,000 undergraduate and graduate students had signed a petition asking UIC to cancel the rally by March 6.^[7] That same day, Latino leaders in the city, led by Democratic U.S. Representative Luis Gutierrez of Chicago, issued a call to their constituents to join them in a protest outside of the UIC Pavilion, where the rally was to take place.^[8] One of many student-based protests was first proposed by 20-year-old Chicago political activist and Bernie Sanders supporter Ja’Mal Green, who had posted to Facebook a week urging others to “get your tickets to this. We’re all going in!!!! #SHUTITDOWN.”^[9] Green told reporters that the plan was for protestors to make noise when Trump appeared, “and then rush the stage.”^[10] While “activist groups did try to disrupt the event, … many protesters said that they learned of the demonstrations on social media and went of their own accord.”^[11]

MoveOn.org confirmed that it helped promote the protest and paid for printing protest signs and a banner.^[9][12] Among those who took part in organizing the protest included members of the UIC faculty, People for Bernie, the Fearless Undocumented Association, Black Lives Matter, Assata’s Daughters, BYP100, College Students for Bernie, and Showing Up for Racial Justice, with “black, Latino and Muslim young people” at the “core” of the crowds of protesters.^{[13][14][15][16][17]}

Incident[edit source]

Video of Trump rally at UIC Pavilion in Chicago on March 11, 2016 immediately after news of Trump’s cancellation of attendance of the event. Many protesters cheer “Bernie!” to show their support for Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders.

Voice of America video of the clashes at the UIC Pavilion

The protests had begun 24 hours prior to the event with a vigil outside of UIC Pavilion. The vigil lasted until the rally was scheduled to begin.^[18]

Thirty minutes after the rally was scheduled to begin, a representative of the Trump campaign came on stage and announced that the rally was postponed. The crowd immediately cheered and chanted “We dumped Trump!” and “We shut it down!”^[14] As Trump supporters shouted “We want Trump!”, arguments, several fistfights,^[2] and small scuffles^[19] broke out between the groups.^[14] Two police officers and at least two civilians were injured during the protests. Five people were arrested, including Sopan Deb, a CBS News reporter who was covering Trump’s campaign.^[2] Protesters said that they were protesting against racism and Trump’s policies.^[20] Some of the demonstrators were also members of the group Black Lives Matter.^[20][21][22] A smaller number of protesters were seen carrying flags representing various groups and countries, including Mexico.^[23][24]

John Escalante, the interim superintendent of the Chicago Police Department (CPD), said about 300 officers were on hand for crowd control.^[2] A CPD spokesman said the department had never told the Trump campaign that there was a security threat, and added that the department had sufficient manpower on the scene to handle any situation.^[25]

The Trump campaign postponed the rally. The CPD and other law-enforcement authorities “were not consulted and had no role in canceling the event.”^[19] Trump initially claimed he had conferred with Chicago Police but later said that he made the decision himself: “I didn’t want to see people get hurt [so] I decided to postpone the rally.”^{[26][27][28][29][30]}

Arrests[edit source]

Arrest being made at the protest

Four individuals were arrested and charged in the incident. Two were “charged with felony aggravated battery to a police officer and resisting arrest”, one was “charged with two misdemeanor counts of resisting and obstructing a peace officer”, and the fourth “was charged with one misdemeanor count of resisting and obstructing a peace officer”.^[31] Sopan Deb, a CBS reporter covering the Trump campaign, was one of those arrested outside the rally. He was charged with resisting arrest;^[32] Chicago police ultimately dropped the charges.^[33]

Reactions and aftermath[edit source]

Voice of America video about Trump and Sanders’ responses to the postponed Chicago rally

After the event was postponed, Green described the cancellation of the event as a “win,” saying that “our whole purpose was to shut it down… we had to show him that our voice in civil rights was greater than his voice. The minority became the majority today.”^[10] Mayor Rahm Emanuel praised the Chicago Police Department’s work to restore order.^[2]

Trump blamed Sanders for the clashes in Chicago, insisting that the protesters were “Bernie’s crowd” and that a protester who charged the stage at an event in Dayton, Ohio the following day was a “Bernie person”, calling on Sanders to “get your people in line.”^[12][34]Sanders subsequently denounced Trump as a “pathological liar” who leads a “vicious movement”, and said that “while I appreciate that we had supporters at Trump’s rally in Chicago, our campaign did not organize the protests.” Sanders blamed Trump for propagating “birther” conspiracy theories and for promoting “hatred and division against Latinos, Muslims, women and people with disabilities.”^[34]

Presidential candidates[edit source]

Republican[edit source]

Rivals for the Republican presidential nomination criticized Trump. Senator Ted Cruz of Texas said, “When you have a campaign that affirmatively encourages violence, you create an environment that only encourages that sort of nasty discourse.”^[35] John Kasich, Governor of Ohio, issued a statement saying, “Tonight, the seeds of division that Donald Trump has been sowing this whole campaign finally bore fruit, and it was ugly.”^[2] Senator Marco Rubio of Florida attributed blame for the events at various parties, including the protesters, the media, and the Democratic Party, but “reserved his harshest words” for Trump, condemning him for inciting supporters who have punched and beaten demonstrators and likening him to “Third World strongmen”.^[36]

Democratic[edit source]

Clinton, one of two Democratic presidential candidates in the 2016 election, said in a statement that the Trump campaign’s “divisive rhetoric” was of “grave concern” and said, “We all have our differences, and we know many people across the country feel angry. We need to address that anger together.”^[37] The morning after the incident, Clinton said, “The ugly, divisive rhetoric we are hearing from Donald Trump and the encouragement of violence and aggression is wrong, and it’s dangerous. If you play with matches, you’re going to start a fire you can’t control. That’s not leadership. That’s political arson.”^[38] Bernie Sanders, the other Democratic candidate, tweeted: “We will continue to bring people together. We will not allow the Donald Trumps of the world to divide us up.”^[39]

Media[edit source]

Conservative media described protest actions as an infringement on Trump’s freedom of speech. National Review editor Rich Lowry called the protest an indefensible “mob action” and wrote that “the spectacle … will probably only help” Trump, since he “thrives on polarization and has sought to turn up the temperature of his rallies with his notorious suggestions that protesters should get roughed up.” Fox News host Jeanine Pirro characterized the protesters as “abject anarchists” who had infringed upon Trump’s right to free speech by “responding to activist calls at #SHUTITDOWN.”^[40][41]

Other media outlets stated that such protest actions were predictable due to Trump’s rhetoric. Rachel Maddow of MSNBC said that Trump’s violent rhetoric at campaign rallies resulted in the escalation of tensions: “Anybody who tells you that there is no connection between the behavior of the mob at these events and the behavior of the man at the podium leading the mob at these events is not actually watching what he’s been saying from the podium.”^[42] Jelani Cobb wrote in the New Yorker that “[t]he image of protesters clashing with Trump supporters in Chicago … is the logical culmination of what we’ve seen throughout his Presidential campaign” as “the idea of fighting to take the country back” promoted by Trump’s campaign “went from figurative to literal.”^[43]

• March 12 – Thomas Dimassimo, a 32-year-old man, attempted to rush the stage as Trump was speaking at a rally in Dayton, Ohio. Dimassimo was stopped by Secret Service agents and subsequently charged with misdemeanor disorderly conduct and inducing panic.^[37]
• March 13 – Trump refused to take responsibility for clashes at his campaign events, criticized protesters who have dogged his rallies, and demanded that police begin to arrest rally protesters.^[38] His Kansas City rally was interrupted repeatedly by protesters in the arena while protesters outside the event were pepper sprayed by police.^[39][40] In an effort to dissuade future protesters, Trump may begin to request that protesters be arrested “[b]ecause then their lives are going to be ruined.”^[40]
• March 17 – During an interview with CNN, Trump predicted “you’d have riots” if were denied the Republican nomination despite having the most delegates at the convention.^[41]
• March 18 – Between 500 and 600 people engaged in a standoff outside of a rally in Salt Lake City, Utah. Police officers formed a human barricade to separate the two groups, who largely remained nonviolent. Toward the end of the rally, protesters tore down a security tent at a Trump rally in Utah and threw rocks at rally attendees as they left. Two people unsuccessfully attempted to breach the entrance of the venue. Secret Service officers secured the inside of the venue and roughly 40 police officers in riot gear repelled the protesters from entering the building.^[42] No arrests were made.^[43][44]
• March 19 – Thousands of anti-Trump protesters in New York chanted “Fuck Trump!” and “Donald Trump! Go away!” as they rallied around the Trump International Tower building near 60th St. and Columbus Circle. The group was followed by dozens of NYPD officers who lined the streets with metal barricades and blocked the protesters path as they tried to cross busy intersections. After violence broke out, police pepper-sprayed the crowd, whom police refused to let cross the street.^[45] During a simultaneous protest, protesters blocked a highway leading to Trump’s Fountain Hills, Arizona rally, leading to three arrests.^[46] During a separate rally in Tucson, Arizona later that night, a black Trump supporter was arrested after punching and stomping a white protester who had donned a Ku Klux Klan hood.^[47]

April[edit]

Protests in New York City on April 14, 2016. One banner reads “Fuck UR Wall”, denouncing Trump’s policy on immigration.

• April 14 – Hundreds of protesters gathered in a New York City Hyatt hotel against the wishes of the hotel staff.^[48]
• April 28 – Several hundred protesters in Costa Mesa, California, clashed with police and Trump supporters outside the OC Fair & Event Center, where Trump was holding a rally. Seventeen people were arrested and five police cars were damaged.^[49]
• April 29 – Around 1,000 to 3,000^[50][51][52] protested in the area surrounding Burlingame, California, where Trump was to give a speech at the California GOP convention.^[53] Protesters rushed security gates at one point.^[54] Activists blocked a main intersection outside the event and vandalized a police car. Eventually, the police restored order in the area.^[55] For safety reasons, Trump himself was forced to climb over a wall and enter through a back entrance of the venue.^[56]

May[edit]

An effigy seen in San Diego on show of May 26, 2016, featuring Trump with the word “Bigot” taped on while wearing a sombrero and holding a Mexican flag

• May 1 – Thousands of May Day demonstrators marched in downtown Los Angeles on Sunday, some speaking out in support of workers and immigrants, others criticizing Trump. LAPD Sergeant Barry Montgomery told The Los Angeles Times that no one was arrested. Some protesters carried a big inflatable figure of Trump holding a Ku Klux Klan hood in his right hand.^[57]
• May 7 – Protesters shouting “Love Trumps Hate” met Trump supporters before his second rally in Washington. Many protesters outside spoke out against Trump’s words and policy stances regarding women, Hispanics, and Muslims, including his plan to build a wall between the U.S. and Mexico. Later in the day, a group of protesters blocked a road near where Trump was supposed to speak, hoping to keep him from reaching the location. According to authorities, “a small number of arrests” were made.^[58]
• May 24 – Following a rally in Albuquerque, New Mexico, protesters began throwing rocks and bottles at police and police horses, smashed a glass door at the convention center, and burned a number of Trump signs and flags, filling the street with smoke.^[59][60] Video footage of the incident also showed protesters jumping on top of several police cars.^[61]
• May 25 – Anti-Trump protesters were arrested after clashing with Trump supporters in Anaheim.^[62]
• May 27 – Anti-Trump protesters clashed with Trump supporters and with police after a Trump rally ended in San Diego. Protesters waved Mexican flags and signs supporting Bernie Sanders.^[63] Some protesters were arrested when they attempted to push past railings separating them from the Convention Center where Trump was speaking.^[64] The clashes, largely verbal and resulting in no injuries or property damage, began after the Trump rally ended and his supporters poured into the street. Individuals on both sides shouted and threw trash and the occasional punch, but no injuries or property damage were reported. Police then declared the protest an illegal assembly and ordered the crowd to disperse. Further arrests were made when some members of the crowd failed to disperse. A total of 35 people were arrested in that protest.^[63][64][65]

June[edit]

• June 2 – Protests and riots occurred outside a Trump rally in San Jose, California. During a series of protests, hundreds of anti-Trump protesters waving Mexican flags climbed on cars, and harassed supporters of Donald Trump. There were reports of violence including instances of bottles being thrown and assaults against Trump supporters.^[66][67] A police officer was assaulted.^[68][67][69] At least one American flag was burned by protesters.^[70] Video footage went viral of a female Trump supporter being pelted by eggs thrown by protesters.^[71]
• June 3 – Vox suspended writer Emmett Rensin for allegedly inciting anti-Trump violence at protests.^[72]
• June 10 – Anti-Trump protesters and Trump supporters clashed outside a rally in Richmond, Virginia. One Trump supporter was punched and several protesters were pushed to the ground by police. Five people were arrested but only one was charged.
• June 16 – A photographer for the Dallas Advocate was hit on head with a rock that had been thrown from a crowd outside a Dallas rally that included both Trump supporters and protesters.^[73]
• June 19 – During a rally in Las Vegas, Michael Sandford, a 19-year-old British national, was arrested for assault and held in the county jail until he was arraigned in federal court and charged with “an act of violence on restricted grounds”. He was accused of attempting to seize a police officer’s firearm and later claiming he intended to kill Trump. A British citizen, he was in the U.S. illegally and is being held without bond.^[74][75] He has since then pleaded guilty to federal charges of being an illegal alien in possession of a firearm and disrupting an official function.^[76]

July[edit]

• July 1 – Three people were arrested after a conflict occurred between Trump supporters and anti-Trump protesters outside the Western Conservative Summit. According to The Gazette, a man grabbed pro-Trump bumper stickers from a woman selling them outside Denver‘s convention center, ripped some of them, and threw them in her face. A pushing match then ensued, with many people spilling into the street.^[77]

August[edit]

• August 4 – Protesters stood silently among seated attendees at a Portland, Maine Trump rally, and held up pocket Constitutions, in reference to Khizr Khan‘s DNC speech days earlier. The protesters were ejected from the rally.^[78]
• August 19 – Protesters harassed, pushed, and spit on Trump supporters outside a fundraising event in Minneapolis.^[79]
• August 31 – A group of approximately 500 people protested in downtown Phoenix, Arizona chanting and hitting a Trump piñata. There were no arrests, although police had to usher two anti-Trump protesters off the sidewalk where speech-goers for a Trump rally entered the Phoenix Convention Center, saying that the protesters were causing conflict with the Trump supporters.^[80]

October[edit]

• October 10 – Dave Eggers and Jordan Kurland launched the all-star music project 30 Days, 30 Songs, scheduled to publish one song per day advocating against Donald Trump.^[81][82] Due to overwhelming response of more artists, the project was meanwhile renamed and rescheduled to 30 Days, 40 Songs and 30 Days, 50 Songs. Musicians include stars like R.E.M., Moby, Franz Ferdinand, Jimmy Eat World, Loudon Wainwright and many others.

GrabYourWallet

#GrabYourWallet (also, Grab Your Wallet)^[1] is an organization and social media campaign that is an umbrella term for economic boycotts against companies that have any connections to President Donald Trump in response to the leak of a lewd conversation between Donald Trump and Billy Bush on the set of Access Hollywood where he infamously said “grab them by the pussy”.^[2][3] The movement has particularly targeted the ride-sharing app Uber and President Trump’s daughter Ivanka Trump‘s clothing and shoe line that was notably carried by Nordstrom before being indefinitely discontinued due to poor sales as a result of the boycott.

History[edit source]

GrabYourWallet founder Shannon Coulter speaks at Day Without a Woman San Francisco, March 2017.

GrabYourWallet started on October 11, 2016 via Twitter by a San Francisco marketing strategist named Shannon Coulter,^[1][6][7] with the help of Sue Atencio.^[8] Coulter created a list of stores that carried Trump products after the Access Hollywood tape came out.^[6] The news from the tape made Coulter physically ill for a few days.^[9] Coulter went on Twitter where she was able to talk about her “deep ambivalence” about spending money at a place that sold Trump products.^[9] She stated that she wanted “to be able to shop with a clear conscience,”^[7] and did not feel comfortable purchasing items from those who do business with anyone in the Trump family.^[10] The name, “GrabYourWallet” is a reference to both Trump’s comments about women and people using their buying power to influence companies.^[10]Coulter emphasizes that the movement is non-partisan and says, “This is a human decency thing. It’s about the divisiveness and disrespectfulness of Donald Trump.”^[11]

Within a month, one company, Shoes.com, dropped Ivanka Trump‘s brand from their website.^[12] Interior design company, Bellacor, dropped the Trump Home brand in November.^[13] Both of these companies did contact supporters of the boycott campaign after dropping the Trump lines.^[13] By February 2017, 18 companies had stopped carrying Trump brand merchandise.^[11]

After Trump was elected President, Coulter created a spreadsheet of companies that do business with Trump family members and distributed the information online and via social media.^[1] The sheet also provides alternatives to stores on the boycott list,^[14] and has contact information so that consumers can “express their outrage.”^[15] #GrabYourWallet as a movement grew larger after the election.^[14][8]Part of the reason is that the campaign became part of the broader anti-Trump movement.^[2] Working on the campaign has almost become a full time job for Coulter.^[2]

Nancy Koehn of Harvard Business School told PBS NewsHour that though boycotting business is not new, the scope of #GrabYourWallet is unprecedented.^[10] She also said that the boycott is unique because it is in “resistance or opposition to the current administration.”^[10]

On Twitter, more than a combined 626 million impressions have amassed.^[16] Twitter users use the hashtag, #GrabYourWallet and some independently tweet at businesses carrying Trump merchandise.^[6] Captiv8, a social media influence study group, has found that most engagements with the hashtag come from California and New York.^[2]

Counter-boycotts[edit source]

Forbes dubbed it the “Trump effect” and “GrabYourWallet effect”, given that when people boycott companies, his supporters pledge to start buying those products and vice versa.^[15][17] Trump supporters started boycotting Nordstrom after they dropped Ivanka Trump’s line of clothes.^[10]

Supporters of Trump took to Amazon.com to make Ivanka Trump’s fragrance the best selling fragrance on the site for a week.^[18]

Notable boycott targets[edit source]

Uber[edit source]

The app Uber was targeted for its alleged relation to Executive Order 13769 which has also been referred to as “Muslim ban”.^[19] As taxi drivers to JFK Airport went on strike in solidarity with Muslim refugees, Uber removed surge pricing to the airport where Muslim refugees had been detained upon entry. Uber was also targeted because CEO Travis Kalanick was on an Economic Advisory Council with President Trump.^[20] As a result, a social media campaign called #deleteuber arose and approximately 200,000 users deleted the app.^[21] This campaign made Kalanick resign from the Council.^[22] An email with a statement sent to who deleted their accounts stated that the company would be assisting refugees and that CEO Kalanick did not join the Council as an endorsement of President Trump.^[23]

Ivanka Trump[edit source]

Ivanka Trump, 2016

In the beginning of the proposed boycott, Nordstrom stated that if costumers stopped buying Ivanka Trump‘s line, as a business decision they would stop carrying it (which they did in February 2017). Nordstrom also acknowledged that customers would counter-boycott if they dropped the line.^[24] Before the inauguration of President Trump, Ivanka Trump had announced she would be resigning from her fashion brand.^[25] Sales of Ivanka Trump’s line started falling before the 2016 election.^[26] And in February 2017 President Trump expressed his ire at Nordstrom via Twitter and White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer called the business decision a “direct attack on President Trump”.^[27] President Trump’s tweet caused Nordstrom’s shares to temporarily fall, before soaring by 7%.^[28]

Macy’s customers have also asked that the company drop Ivanka Trump’s line.^[29]

Ivanka Trump also faced criticism from Coulter when she promoted her $10,800 gold bracelet to fashion writers after wearing it on an interview about her father on 60 Minutes.^[8]

Controversy[edit source]

In February 2017, President Trump’s spokeswoman Kellyanne Conway formally endorsed Ivanka Trump’s products on Fox News by saying she is giving the brand a “free commercial” telling viewers to buy Ivanka Trump’s products.^[30] The statement was seen as a violation of federal ethics laws.^[31]

Company lists related to #GrabYourWallet[edit source]

Primary targeted companies[edit source]

• Amazon^[1]
• Bed Bath & Beyond
• Bloomingdale’s^[1]
• Dillard’s
• Hudson’s Bay
• LL Bean
• Lord & Taylor^[2]
• Macy’s^[14]
• New Balance^[8]
• Yuengling Brewery^[12]
• Zappo’s^[1]

Trump-related companies not targeted[edit source]

These companies have been identified by grabyourwallet.org as companies that will not be boycotted though they have a connection to President Trump or family members business.^[32]

• Washington Post is owned by Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon.com (which indirectly sells Trump products), but the Washington Post has not been targeted since it did critical reporting of President Trump.^[2]
• Facebook has not been targeted because the scope of its user base and CEO Mark Zuckerberg has criticized President Trump.
• Home Depot is not being boycotted because it discontinued sales of Trump Home products.
• Delta Airlines has not been targeted because they do not directly have any business ties to President Trump, though there have been political controversies with certain passengers aboard Delta flights.
• Paypal has not been directly targeted, though co-founder Peter Thiel has endorsed Trump, because he is no longer involved with the company.
• Carrier Corporation has not been boycotted, though then-president-elect Trump got directly involved in keeping 1,000 jobs from moving to Mexico, because they don’t do monthly or continued business with any Trump family member.

Companies that cut ties with Trump family as result[edit source]

• Belk^[33]
• Bellacor^[33]
• Burlington Coat Factory^[33]
• Gilt^[34]
• Home Depot
• HSN
• Jet.com^[33]
• Kmart^[35]
• Marshalls^[33]
• Nordstrom^[34]
• Sears^[33]
• Shoes.com^[1]
• ShopStyle^[33]
• T.J. Maxx^[36]
• Uber

• October 18 – Dozens of women, some of whom were victims of sexual assault, gathered in front of Trump Tower on a Tuesday morning to begin a series of protests across the nation pushing women to leave the Republican party and un-endorse Donald Trump. Dressed in black, the protesters sat in front of Trump Tower holding signs such as “Grab my pussy, muthafucker I dare you” and “Don’t tread on my pussy”.^[84]
• October 26 – Trump’s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame was destroyed with a sledgehammer and a pickaxe.^[85]

November[edit]

• November 5 – During a rally at the Reno-Sparks Convention Center in Reno, Nevada, Trump was rushed off stage by Secret Service agents when someone yelled “gun” while others tried to take a protester’s anti-Trump sign. The protester was questioned and found to have no weapons on him. Trump returned minutes later to resume his rally.^[86][87]

Post-election protests[edit]

March against Trump in Saint Paul, Minnesota on November 9

Following the announcement of Trump’s election victory, large protests broke out across the United States including other countries such as Canada, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Philippines, Australia, Israel with some continuing for several days, and more protests planned for the following weeks and months.

November 2016[edit]

Protest outside Trump Tower, Chicago on November 9, 2016

• November 9

Protests against Donald Trump that occurred in cities on November 9, 2016
Atlanta, Ann Arbor, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Dallas, Detroit, Houston, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, Nashville, New York, Oakland, Omaha, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Portland, Portland, Providence, Reno, Richmond, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, Salt Lake City, Seattle, Syracuse, Washington, D.C., Winston-Salem, Des Moines,

According to several sources, thousands of protesters took to the street in Chicago. Chicago Tribune explains that the protest was “relatively peaceful” and was “devoid of any of the heavy vandalism of effigy burning that occurred elsewhere.” Five people were arrested altogether.^[88][89][90]

• Atlanta, Georgia,
• Boston, Massachusetts,
• Cleveland, Ohio,
• Dallas, Texas,
• Detroit, Michigan,
• Houston, Texas,
• Los Angeles, California,
• Miami, Florida,
• New York City, New York,
• Oakland, California,
• Omaha, Nebraska,
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
• Portland, Oregon,
• Richmond, Virginia,
• San Diego, California,
• San Francisco, California,
• San Jose, California,
• Seattle, Washington,
• Washington, D.C.,
• Winston-Salem, North Carolina,

Protests also occurred at various universities, including:

• Arizona State University,
• Fisk University,
• University of Kentucky,
• University of Michigan,
• University of Pittsburgh,

High school and college students walked out of classes to protest.^[97][113] The protests were mostly peaceful, although at some protests fires were lit, flags were burned, and a Trump piñata was burned.^{[114][115][116]} Celebrities such as Madonna, Cher, and Lady Gaga took part in New York.^{[117][118][119]} Some protesters took to blocking freeways in Los Angeles, San Diego, and Portland, Oregon, and were dispersed by police in the early hours of the morning.^[120][121] One protester was hit by a car.^[122] In a number of cities, protesters were dispersed with rubber bullets, pepper spray and bean-bags fired by police.^{[123][124][125]} While protests ended at 3:00 a.m. in New York City, calls were made to continue the protests over the coming days.^[126]

• November 10

Protesters gathered at Trump Tower in New York on November 10.

Protests in Madison, Wisconsin

“Love Trumps Hate” was a common slogan, as here at the Idaho State Capitol.

As Trump held the first transition meeting with President Obama at the White House, protesters were outside.^[127] Protests continued in cities across the United States. International protests were held in London, Vancouver, and Manila.^[128][129]Former New York mayor Rudy Giuliani called protesters “a bunch of spoiled cry-babies.”^[130] Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti expressed understanding of the protests and praised those who peacefully wanted to make their voices heard.^[131]

In Austin, Texas, a young girl rallied protesters behind the mantra: “I am a female, I am mixed race, I am a child and I cannot vote. But that will not stop me from getting heard” after which chants of “Love is love, and love trumps hate” followed.^{[132][133][134][135]} In Los Angeles, protesters continued blocking freeways.^[136] A peaceful protest turned violent when a small group began rioting and attacking police in Portland, Oregon.^[137] The protests in Portland attracted over 4,000 people and remained largely peaceful, but took to the highway and blocked traffic.^[138] Acts of vandalism including a number of smashed windows, vandalized vehicles, and a dumpster fire caused police to declare a riot.^[138][139] Protesters tried to retain the peaceful nature of the protest and chanted “peaceful protest”.^[140]

Protests were held in the following cities:

• Chicago, Illinois,
• Dallas, Texas,
• Grand Rapids, Michigan,
• Greensboro, North Carolina,
• Louisville, Kentucky,
• Madison, Wisconsin,
• Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
• Minneapolis, Minnesota,
• New York City, New York,
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
• Pittsburg, California,
• Portland, Oregon,
• Richmond, Virginia,
• Tampa, Florida,

Numerous petitions were started to prevent Trump from taking office; including a Change.org petition started by Elijah Berg of North Carolina requesting that faithless electors in states that Trump won vote for Clinton instead, which surpassed three million signatures.^[151]

• November 11

Protests occurred in the following cities:

• Anchorage, Alaska,
• Atlanta, Georgia,
• Bakersfield, California,
• Burlington, Vermont,
• Columbia, South Carolina,
• Columbus, Ohio,
• Dallas, Texas,
• Denver, Colorado,
• Des Moines, Iowa,
• Eugene, Oregon,
• Fort Worth, Texas,
• Grand Rapids, Michigan,
• Iowa City, Iowa,
• Los Angeles, California,
• Nashville, Tennessee,
• New Haven, Connecticut,
• New York, New York,
• Olympia, Washington,
• Orlando, Florida,
• Royal Oak, Michigan,
• San Antonio, Texas ,

Protests also occurred at the following schools:

• Ohio State University,
• State University of New York at New Paltz,
• Texas State University,
• University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
• University of Massachusetts Amherst,
• University of Miami,
• University of North Carolina, Greensboro,
• University of North Carolina, Wilmington,
• University of Pacific,
• University of Rochester,
• Vanderbilt University,
• Virginia Commonwealth University,
• Wayne State University,
• Wesleyan University,

A protest also occurred at the U.S. embassy in Tel Aviv, Israel.^[185][186] The American and Mexican national soccer teams also posed together in a Unity Wall in response to Trump’s election before their World Cup qualifying match in Columbus, Ohio.^[187]

Michael Moore at the march against Trump, New York City, 12 November 2016

• November 12

News report about the protests in Los Angeles on November 12 from Voice of America

During a peaceful march in Oregon in the early hours of November 12, one protester was shot by an unknown assailant.^[188] Police in Portland, Oregon, said that they arrested over than twenty people after protesters refused to disperse.^[189]

Protesters at an anti-Trump rally in Indianapolis on November 12th

On the first weekend day after the election, a march of over 10,000 people in Los Angeles went from MacArthur Park and shut down the busy Wilshire Blvd corridor.^[190][191] In New York City, another crowd cited by NBC News as 25,000^[192]marched from Union Square to Trump Tower.^{[193][194][195]} In Chicago, thousands of people marched through The Loop.^[196] In Indianapolis, about 500 people gathered at the Statehouse, then proceeded to march downtown.^[197] Protesters split off into several groups, some of which moved to the streets and blocked traffic.^[198] Some protesters were allegedly throwing rocks at police officers, who responded by firing non-lethal weapons.^[199]

International protests also occurred in cities such as Berlin, Germany, Melbourne, Australia and Perth, Australia and Auckland, New Zealand.^{[200][201][202][203]}

• November 13

Protests continued in the following cities:

• Chicago, Illinois,
• Denver, Colorado,
• Erie, Pennsylvania,
• Fort Lauderdale, Florida,
• Los Angeles, California,
• Manchester, New Hampshire,
• New Haven, Connecticut,
• New York City, New York,
• Oakland, California,
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
• Royal Oak, Michigan,
• San Francisco, California,
• Springfield, Massachusetts,
• San Antonio, Texas ,

International protests have occurred in cities including Toronto, Canada, where about a thousand people gathered in Nathan Phillips Square.^[209][210]

• November 14

Anti-Trump protest in Silver Spring, Maryland^[211]

A group of 40 protesters in Washington, D.C. staged a sit-in at the office of prospective Senate minority leader Charles Schumer, in an effort to change Democratic leadership and prevent the party’s collaboration with Trump. Seventeen arrests were made at that sit-in.^[212]

At a small protest at Ohio State University, protest leader Timothy Adams was attacked from behind and knocked down to the steps he was standing on, breaking his bullhorn and glasses.^[213][214]

Several school districts experienced walkouts from high school students, many of them too young to have voted.^[215]

• November 15

Wilson High School students protest outside Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C. News report from Voice of America.

Protests occurred in the following cities and universities:

• Akron, Ohio,
• Beltsville, Maryland,
• Kalamazoo, Michigan,
• Montgomery County, Maryland,
• New York City,
• Santa Barbara, California,
• Washington, D.C.,
• La Salle University,
• Penn State University,
• Rutgers University,
• St. Mary’s College of California,
• Stanford University,
• University of California, Riverside,
• University of Chicago,
• University of Illinois at Chicago,

Protesters in Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey

• November 16

Student protests continued for a third day in Montgomery County, Maryland.^[219]

Students around the country walked out of classes in an effort to push their schools to declare themselves a “sanctuary campus” from Trump’s planned immigration policy of mass deportations.^[231] The Stanford, Rutgers, and St. Mary’s protests on November 15 were among the first.^[226] Rutgers President Robert Barchi responded that the school will protect the privacy of its undocumented immigrants.^[232] California State University Chancellor Timothy P. White made a similar affirmation.^[233] Iowa State University reaffirmed continuation of their already existing policy.^[234]

Around 350 Harvard University faculty members signed a letter urging the administration to denounce hate speech, protect student privacy, reaffirm admissions and financial aid policies and to make the university a sanctuary. One of the first to sign the letter was Henry Louis Gates Jr.^[235]

The letters of Trump’s name were removed from three buildings in Manhattan, including Trump Place due to angered residents.^[236]

• November 17

Protest in Mission District, San Francisco, California on November 17

• In the early morning in Los Angeles, protesters chanted “Fire Bannon” in reference to Trump appointing Steve Bannon as chief White House strategist and senior counselor on Sunday.^[237][238] Bannon denied accusations of his being a white nationalist, saying “I’m a nationalist.”^[239][240]
• Two students were arrested at a protest at the University of Pittsburgh^[241]
• A rally was held at the University of Miami^[242]
• Around 100 students protested at Portland State University^[243]

• November 18

Anti-Trump protest in Chapel Hill, North Carolina on November 18

Various protests occurred in Augusta, Maine,^[244] Chapel Hill, North Carolina,^[245]Cleveland, Ohio,^[246][247] Prince George’s County, Maryland,^[248] Sacramento, California,^[249] and Washington, D.C.^[250]

Vice President-elect Mike Pence attended the musical Hamilton in New York City, where he was addressed by the cast.^[251]

• November 19

Protesters in Chicago on November 19, Marching toward Trump Tower Chicago

Protesters at an anti-Trump rally in San Francisco

Philadelphia anti-Trump Rally on November 19, 2016

• About 3,000 formed a hand holding ring around Green Lake in Seattle, Washington.^[252]
• In Chicago, approximately 2,000 protesters marched from Federal Plaza to Trump Tower Chicago.^{[253][254][255][256]}
• Several hundred protesters rallied and marched in downtown San Francisco.^[257]
• In New York City, three separate protests converged on the heavily secured area surrounding Trump Tower in New York City, where security guided them into a demonstration pen that had been erected outside of the president elect’s offices and residence. One group marched from Queens.^[258] One group protesting Trump’s appointment of Bannon marched from Washington Square Park. A smaller but more dramatic group wearing stage special effects makeup of wounds and scars, marched from Union Square to indicate the damage a Trump administration will have on “marginalized people” including women.^[259]
• International protests occurred in Toronto, Canada;^[260] Melbourne, Australia;^[261] and Paris, France.^[262]

• November 20

• A 69-year-old man dressed in a U.S. Marine uniform set himself alight in the Highland Square in Akron, Ohio, after ranting about the need to protest Trump’s election. He was hospitalized in stable condition.^[263][264]
• A protest in Brooklyn Heights attracted Adam Horovitz to Adam Yauch Park (a park named after his late-Beastie Boys bandmate), where multiple spray-painted swastikas and the message “Go Trump” had been discovered two days before.^[265] At the protest, Horovitz released a statement against Trump.^[266]
• An anti-Trump group called “Not Up For Grabs: Portland” marched in Portland, Oregon.^[267]
• During a live performance on the American Music Awards of 2016, Green Day performed their new song Bang Bang. In the middle of the song, lead singer Billie Joe Armstrong included the anti-Trump chant “No Trump, no KKK, no fascist USA!”^[268]

• November 21

• A rally was held outside the Rhode Island State House in Providence, Rhode Island.^[269]
• A protest was held in front of the Ohio Statehouse in Columbus, Ohio.^[270]
• Protests continued outside Portland City Hall in Portland, Oregon, and a march was held later in the evening.^[271]

• November 22

Students at Christopher Newport University protested.^[272]

• November 23

Protest in Minneapolis, Minnesota on November 23

A protest occurred in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The protesters called for President Obama to pardon all immigrants before the end of his term.^[273]

• November 25

On Black Friday, protesters blocked entrances to stores on the Magnificent Mile in Chicago.^[274]

• November 26

A small protest occurred at Pioneer Courthouse Square in Portland, Oregon. Protester Bobby Lang said, “It’s either sit in horror or go out and do things.”^[275]

• November 27

A protest occurred at the Nebraska State Capitol building.^[276] The crowd was estimated at around 200 people.^[277]

December 2016[edit]

• December 8 – There was controversy about the inaugural permitting for protests.^[278] Hundreds of thousands of people have organized on Facebook to attend.^[279] Partnership for Civil Justice Fund for the A.N.S.W.E.R. Coalition has a lawsuit pending about protest near the Trump Hotel.^[280]
• December 18 – On International Migrants Day approximately 2,000 people marched peacefully in downtown Los Angeles against Trump’s policies on immigration, the environment and healthcare.^[281]
• December 19 – On the day the United States Electoral College convened protests were held at numerous state capitols, including but not limited to those of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Tennessee,^[282] and Idaho.

International reactions

Protesters against Trump in Paris, France

•  China – On November 14, 2016, the Chinese Consulate in San Francisco warned “Chinese exchange students, visiting students, teachers and volunteers” to avoid participating in the protests.^[54]
•  Turkey – The Government of Turkey warned its citizens who may be traveling to the United States to “be careful due to protests” and that occasionally “the protests turn violent and criminal while protesters [are] detained by security forces” while also stating that “racists and xenophobic incidents increased in USA”.^[55]

Stop Trump movement

The Stop Trump movement, also called the anti-Trump, Dump Trump, or Never Trump movement,^[1] was the informal name for the effort on the part of some Republicans and other prominent conservatives to prevent front-runner and now President of the United States Donald Trump from obtaining the Republican Party presidential nomination, and, following his nomination, the presidency, for the 2016 United States presidential election. Although Trump’s campaign drew a substantial amount of criticism, he was ultimately sworn in as president.

The movement gained momentum following Trump’s wins in the March 15, 2016, Super Tuesday primaries, including his victory over U.S. Senator Marco Rubio in Florida.^[2][3][4][5] After U.S. Senator Ted Cruz dropped out of the race following Trump’s primary victory in Indiana on May 3, 2016, Trump became the presumptive nominee, while internal opposition to Trump remained as the process pivoted towards a general election.^[6]

Following unsuccessful attempts by some delegates at the Republican National Convention to block his nomination, Trump became the Republican Party’s 2016 nominee for President of the United States on July 18, 2016. Some members of the Stop Trump movement endorsed alternative candidates in the general election, such as Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, Libertarian nominee Gary Johnson, independent conservative Evan McMullin, and American Solidarity Party nominee Mike Maturen.^[7][8]

These efforts ultimately failed when Trump won the general election on November 8. According to exit polls, Trump received 90% of the GOP vote, while Clinton won 89% of Democratic voters.^[9]

Background[edit]

Trump entered the Republican primaries on June 16, 2015, at a time when Governors Jeb Bush and Scott Walker and Senator Marco Rubio were viewed as the early frontrunners.^[10] Trump was generally considered a longshot to win the nomination, but his large media profile gave him a chance to spread his message and appear in the Republican debates.^[11][12] By the end of 2015, Trump was leading the Republican field in national polls.^[13] Despite Trump’s enduring strength in the polls, his rivals continued to attack each other rather than Trump.^[14] In this atmosphere, some Republicans, such as former Mitt Romney adviser Alex Castellanos, called for a “negative ad blitz” against Trump,^[14] and another former Romney aide founded Our Principles PAC to attack Trump.^[15] After Trump won the New Hampshire and South Carolina primaries, many Republican leaders called for the party to unite around a single leader to stop Trump’s nomination.^[16]

Erickson meeting[edit]

On March 17, 2016, notable conservatives under the leadership of Erick Erickson met at the Army and Navy Club in Washington D.C. to discuss strategies for preventing Trump from securing the presidential nomination at the Republican National Convention in July. Among the strategies discussed were a “unity ticket”,^[17] a possible third-party candidate and a contested convention, especially if Trump did not gain the 1,237 delegates necessary to secure the nomination.^[18]

The meeting was organized by Erick Erickson, Bill Wichterman, and Bob Fischer. Around two dozen people attended.^[19][20]Consensus was reached that Trump’s nomination could be prevented, and that efforts would be made to seek a unity ticket, possibly comprising U.S. Senator Ted Cruz and Ohio Governor John Kasich.^[19]

Efforts[edit]

By political organizations[edit]

Our Principles PAC and Club for Growth were involved in trying to prevent Trump’s nomination. Our Principles PAC has spent more than $13 million on advertising attacking Trump.^[21][22] The Club for Growth spent $11 million in an effort to prevent Trump from becoming the Republican Party’s nominee.^[23]

By Republican delegates[edit]

In June 2016, activists Eric O’Keefe and Dane Waters formed a group called Delegates Unbound, which CNN described as “an effort to convince delegates that they have the authority and the ability to vote for whomever they want.”^[24][25][26] The effort involved the publication of a book, Unbound: The Conscience of a Republican Delegate by Republican delegates Curly Haugland and Sean Parnell. The book argues that “delegates are not bound to vote for any particular candidate based on primary and caucus results, state party rules, or even state law.”^[27][28]

Republican delegates Kendal Unruh and Steve Lonegan led an Free the Delegates effort among fellow Republican delegates to change the convention rules “to include a ‘conscience clause’ that would allow delegates bound to Trump to vote against him, even on the first ballot at the July convention.”^[29] Unruh described the effort as “an ‘Anybody but Trump’ movement”. According to The Washington Post, Unruh’s efforts started with a conference call on June 16 “with at least 30 delegates from 15 states”. Regional coordinators for the effort were recruited in Arizona, Iowa, Louisiana, Washington and other states.^[30] By June 19, hundreds of delegates to the Republican National Convention calling themselves Free the Delegates had begun raising funds and recruiting members in support of an effort to change Party convention rules to free delegates to vote however they want – instead of according to the results of state caucuses and primaries.^[31] Unruh, a member of the convention’s Rules Committee and one of the group’s founders, planned to propose adding the “conscience clause” to the convention’s rules effectively unhinging pledged delegates. She needed 56 other supporters from the 112-member panel, which determines precisely how Republicans select their nominee in Cleveland.^[32] However, the Rules Committee voted down, by a vote of 84–21, a move to send a “minority report” to the floor allowing the unbinding of delegates, thereby defeating the “Stop Trump” activists and guaranteeing Trump’s nomination. The committee then endorsed the opposite option, voting 87–12 to include rules language specifically stating that delegates were required to vote based on their states’ primary and caucus results.^[33]

By individuals[edit]

Mitt Romney, the Republican nominee for president in 2012, was a major leader amongst anti-Trump Republicans.

At a luncheon in February 2016 attended by Republican governors and donors, Karl Rove discussed the danger of Trump securing the Republican nomination in July, and that it may be possible to stop him, but that there was not much time left.^[34][35]

Early in March 2016, Mitt Romney, the 2012 Republican presidential nominee, directed some of his advisors to look at ways to stop Trump from obtaining the nomination at the Republican National Convention (RNC). Romney also spoke publicly urging voters to vote for the Republican candidate most likely to prevent Trump from acquiring delegates in state primaries.^[36] A few weeks later, Romney announced that he would vote for Ted Cruz in the Utah GOP caucuses. On his Facebook page, he posted “Today, there is a contest between Trumpism and Republicanism. Through the calculated statements of its leader, Trumpism has become associated with racism, misogyny, bigotry, xenophobia, vulgarity and, most recently, threats and violence. I am repulsed by each and every one of these.”^[37][38][39] Nevertheless, Romney said early on he would “support the Republican nominee,” though he didn’t “think that’s going to be Donald Trump.”^[40]

U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham shifted from opposing both Ted Cruz and Donald Trump, to eventually supporting Cruz as a better alternative to Trump. Commenting about Trump, Graham said “I don’t think he’s a Republican, I don’t think he’s a conservative, I think his campaign’s built on xenophobia, race-baiting and religious bigotry. I think he’d be a disaster for our party and as Senator Cruz would not be my first choice, I think he is a Republican conservative who I could support.”^[41][42]In May, after Trump became the presumptive nominee, Graham announced he would not be supporting Trump in the general election, stating “[I] cannot, in good conscience, support Donald Trump because I do not believe he is a reliable Republican conservative nor has he displayed the judgment and temperament to serve as Commander in Chief.”^[43]

In October 2016, some individuals made third-party vote trading mobile applications and websites to help stop Trump; for example a Californian that wants to vote for Clinton will instead vote for Jill Stein, and in exchange a Stein supporter in a swing state will vote for Clinton.^[44] The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in the 2007 case Porter v. Bowen established vote trading as a First Amendment right.

Former Republican Presidents George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush both refused to support Trump’s candidacy in the general election.^[45][46]

List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016

Public officials[edit]

Former Presidents[edit]

Former President George H. W. Bush

Former President George W. Bush

• George H. W. Bush, President of the United States (1989–93); Vice President of the United States (1981–89)^[1][2]
• George W. Bush, President of the United States (2001–09); Governor of Texas (1995-2000)^[3]

Former 2016 Republican presidential primary candidates[edit]

All candidates signed a pledge to eventually support the party nominee. The following have refused to honor it.

• Jeb Bush, Governor of Florida (1999–2007)^[4]
• Carly Fiorina,^[a][b] CEO of Hewlett-Packard (1999–2005); 2010 nominee for U.S. Senator from California^[5][6]
• Lindsey Graham, United States Senator from South Carolina (2003–present) (voted for Evan McMullin)^[7]
• John Kasich, Governor of Ohio (2011–present); U.S. Representative from Ohio (1983–2001)^[8] (wrote in John McCain)^[9]
• George Pataki, Governor of New York (1995–2006)^[10]

Former federal cabinet-level officials[edit]

Former Secretary of State Colin Powell

Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice

• William Bennett,^[a] Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (1989–90); United States Secretary of Education (1985–99)^[11]
• Bill Brock, United States Secretary of Labor (1985-87); United States Trade Representative (1981-85); U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1971-77); Chairman of the Republican National Committee (1977-81)^[12]
• Michael Chertoff, United States Secretary of Homeland Security (2005–09); Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (2003–05) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[13][14]
• Bill Cohen, United States Secretary of Defense (1997–2001); United States Senator from Maine (1979–97) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[15][16]
• Robert Gates, United States Secretary of Defense (2006–11); Director of Central Intelligence (1991–93)^[17]
• Carlos Gutierrez, United States Secretary of Commerce (2005–09) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Carla Anderson Hills, United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1975–77), United States Trade Representative (1989–93) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[13][18]
• Ray LaHood, United States Secretary of Transportation (2009–13), U.S. Representative from Illinois (1995–2009)^[19]
• Greg Mankiw, Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (2003–05)^[20]
• Mel Martinez, United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (2001–03); United States Senator from Florida (2005–09); General Chair of the Republican National Committee (2007)^[21][22]
• Michael Mukasey, United States Attorney General (2007–09)^[23]
• John Negroponte, United States Ambassador to the United Nations (2001–04); Director of National Intelligence (2005–07); United States Deputy Secretary of State (2007–09) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[13][18]
• Henry Paulson, United States Secretary of the Treasury (2006–09) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[24]
• Colin Powell, United States Secretary of State (2001–05), National Security Advisor (1987–89) (voted for Hillary Clinton)^[25]
• William K. Reilly, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (1989–92) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Condoleezza Rice,^[b] United States Secretary of State (2005–09), National Security Advisor (2001–05)^[26]
• Tom Ridge, United States Secretary of Homeland Security (2003–05); Homeland Security Advisor (2001–03); Governor of Pennsylvania (1995–2001)^[13][27][28]
• William Ruckelshaus, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (1970–73, 1983–85) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• George P. Shultz, United States Secretary of Labor (1969–70); Director of the Office of Management and Budget (1970–72); United States Secretary of the Treasury (1972–74); United States Secretary of State (1982–89)^[20]
• Louis Wade Sullivan, United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (1989–93) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[29]
• Christine Todd Whitman, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (2001–03); Governor of New Jersey (1994–2001) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[30]
• Robert Zoellick, United States Deputy Secretary of State (2005–06); U.S. Trade Representative (2001–05); President of the World Bank Group (2007–12)^[13]

Governors[edit]

Current

Ohio Governor John Kasich

• Charlie Baker, Massachusetts (2015–present)^[31]
• Robert J. Bentley,^[a] Alabama (2011–present)^[32]
• Dennis Daugaard,^[a][b] South Dakota (2011–present)^[33]
• Bill Haslam, Tennessee (2011–present)^[34]
• Gary Herbert,^[a] Utah (2009–present)^[35]
• Larry Hogan, Maryland (2015–present)^[36][37]
• Susana Martinez, New Mexico (2011–present); Chair of the Republican Governors Association (2015–present)^[38]
• Brian Sandoval,^[a] Nevada (2011–present)^[39]
• Rick Snyder, Michigan (2011–present)^[40]

Former

Former Massachusetts Governor and 2012 nominee for President Mitt Romney

• Arne Carlson, Minnesota (1991–99) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• A. Linwood Holton Jr., Virginia (1970–74); Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs (1974–75) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[41]
• Jon Huntsman Jr.,^[a] Utah (2005–09); United States Ambassador to China (2009–11); United States Ambassador to Singapore (1992–93)^[42]
• William Milliken, Michigan (1969–83) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[43]
• Kay A. Orr, Nebraska (1987–91)^[44]
• Tim Pawlenty,^[a] Minnesota (2003–11)^[45]
• Marc Racicot, Montana (1993–01); Chair of the Republican National Committee (2001–03)^[46]
• Mitt Romney, Massachusetts (2003–07), 2012 nominee for President^[47]
• Arnold Schwarzenegger, California (2003–11)^[48]
• William Weld, Massachusetts (1991–97) (2016 Libertarian nominee for Vice President)^[49]
• Christine Todd Whitman, New Jersey (1994-2001) ^[50]

U.S. Senators[edit]

Arizona Senator and 2008 nominee for President John McCain

Current

• Susan Collins, Maine (1997–present)^[51](supported Mike Pence for Vice President; presidential vote unknown)^{[citation needed]}
• Jeff Flake,^[b] Arizona (2013–present)^[52][53]
• Cory Gardner,^[a][b] Colorado (2015–present) (writing-in Mike Pence)^[54]
• Dean Heller, Nevada (2011–present)^[55]
• Mike Lee,^[b] Utah (2011–present)^[56](voted for Evan McMullin)^[57]
• John McCain,^[a] Arizona (1987–present); 2008 nominee for President^[58]
• Lisa Murkowski,^[b] Alaska (2002–present)^[59]
• Rob Portman,^[a] Ohio (2010-present); United States Trade Representative (2005–06), Director of the Office of Management and Budget (2006–07) (writing-in Mike Pence)^[60]
• Ben Sasse, Nebraska (2015–present)^[21][61]
• Dan Sullivan,^[a][b] Alaska (2015–present) (wrote in Mike Pence)^[62]

Former

• Kelly Ayotte,^[c] New Hampshire (2011–17) (wrote in Mike Pence)^[63]
• Mark Kirk,^[a] Illinois (2010–17) (writing-in Colin Powell)^[37]
• Norm Coleman, Minnesota (2003–09)^[28][64]
• David Durenberger, Minnesota (1978–95) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Slade Gorton, Washington (1981–87, 1989–2001) (endorsed Evan McMullin)^[65]
• Gordon J. Humphrey, New Hampshire (1979–90) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[66][67]
• John Warner, Virginia (1979–2009); United States Secretary of the Navy (1972–74) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[68]

U.S. Representatives[edit]

Nevada U.S. Representative and 2016 nominee for U.S. Senate Joe Heck

Sitting at the time of the Trump campaign

• Justin Amash, Michigan (2011–present)^[28]
• Mike Coffman, Colorado (2009–present)^[69]
• Barbara Comstock, Virginia (2015–present)^[70]
• Carlos Curbelo, Florida (2015–present)^[21][71]
• Rodney Davis,^[a] Illinois (2013–present)^[72]
• Charlie Dent, Pennsylvania (2005–present)^[73]
• Bob Dold, Illinois (2011–13, 2015–17)^[28][74]
• Jeff Fortenberry,^[a] Nebraska (2005–present)^[72]
• Scott Garrett,^[a] New Jersey (2003–2017)^[72]
• Kay Granger,^[b] Texas (1997–present)^[75]
• Richard L. Hanna, New York (2011–17) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[28][76]
• Cresent Hardy,^[a] Nevada (2015–17)^[77]
• Joe Heck,^[a] Nevada (2011–17); 2016 nominee for U.S. Senate^[77]
• Jaime Herrera Beutler, Washington (2011–present) (writing-in Paul Ryan)^[78]
• Will Hurd, Texas (2015–present)^[79]
• David Jolly, Florida (2014–17)^[80]
• John Katko, New York (2015–present)^[81]
• Adam Kinzinger, Illinois (2011–present)^[82]
• Steve Knight, California (2015–present)^[83]
• Frank LoBiondo,^[a] New Jersey (1995–present) (writing-in Mike Pence)^[84]
• Mia Love, Utah (2015–present)^[85]
• Pat Meehan,^[b] Pennsylvania (2011–present)^[84]
• Erik Paulsen,^[a] Minnesota (2009–present)^[86]
• Reid Ribble, Wisconsin (2011–17)^[28]
• Scott Rigell, Virginia (2011–17) (endorsed Gary Johnson)^[21]
• Martha Roby,^[b] Alabama (2011–present)^[87][88]
• Tom Rooney,^[a] Florida (2009–present)^[72]
• Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, Florida (1989–present)^[28]
• Mike Simpson,^[a] Idaho (1999–present)^[11]
• Fred Upton, Michigan (1987–present)^[89]
• David Valadao, California (2013–present)^[90]
• Ann Wagner,^[a] Missouri (2013–present)^[91]

Host of Morning Joe on MSNBC and former U.S. Representative from Florida Joe Scarborough

Former

• Steve Bartlett, Texas (1983–91)^[92]
• Bob Bauman, Maryland (1973–81)^[92]
• Sherwood Boehlert, New York (1993–2007) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[93]
• Jack Buechner, Missouri (1987–91)^[92]
• Tom Campbell, California (1989–93, 1995–2001) (endorsed Gary Johnson)^[94]
• Bill Clinger, Pennsylvania (1979–97)^[92]
• Tom Coleman, Missouri (1976–93)^[92]
• Geoff Davis, Kentucky (2005–12)^[92]
• Mickey Edwards, Oklahoma (1977–93)^[92]
• Harris Fawell, Illinois (1985–99)^[92]
• Ed Foreman, Texas (1963–65, 1969–71)^[92]
• Amo Houghton, New York (1987–2005)^[92]
• Bob Inglis, South Carolina (1993–99, 2005–11)^[28]
• Jim Kolbe, Arizona (1985–2007) (endorsed Gary Johnson)^[95]
• Steve Kuykendall, California (1999–2001)^[92]
• Jim Leach, Iowa (1977–2007)^[92]
• Pete McCloskey, California (1967–83)^[92]
• Connie Morella, Maryland (1987–2003) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Mike Parker, Mississippi (1989–99); Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works (2001–02)^[92]
• Tom Petri, Wisconsin (1979–2015)^[92]
• John Porter, Illinois (1980–2001)^[92]
• Joe Scarborough, Florida (1995–2001); commentator and author^[96]
• Claudine Schneider, Rhode Island (1981–91) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[93]
• Chris Shays, Connecticut (1987–2009) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Peter Smith, Vermont (1989–11)^[92]
• Mark Souder, Indiana (1995–2010)^[97]
• J.C. Watts, Oklahoma (1995–2003)^[21]
• Edward Weber, Ohio (1981–83)^[92]
• Vin Weber, Minnesota (1983–93)^[98]
• G. William Whitehurst, Virginia (1969–87)^[92]
• Dick Zimmer, New Jersey (1991–97) (endorsed Gary Johnson)^[99]

Former State Department officials[edit]

• Richard Armitage, Deputy Secretary of State; Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[100]
• John B. Bellinger III, Legal Adviser of the Department of State; Legal Adviser to the National Security Council^[13]
• Robert Blackwill, United States Ambassador to India; Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Planning (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[13][18]
• R. Nicholas Burns, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs; United States Ambassador to NATO; United States Ambassador to Greece (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[101]
• Eliot A. Cohen, Counselor of the United States Department of State^[13][21]
• Chester Crocker, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs^[23]
• Jendayi Frazer, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs^[13]
• James K. Glassman, Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[23]
• David F. Gordon, Director of Policy Planning^[13]
• Donald Gregg, United States Ambassador to South Korea^[20]
• David A. Gross, U.S. Coordinator for International Communications and Information Policy (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• John Hillen, Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs^[13]
• Reuben Jeffery III, Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment^[13]
• Robert Joseph, Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs^[23]
• David J. Kramer, Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor^[13]
• Stephen D. Krasner, Director of Policy Planning^[23]
• Frank Lavin, United States Ambassador to Singapore; Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Robert McCallum, United States Ambassador to Australia; Acting United States Deputy Attorney General^[13]
• Richard Miles, United States Ambassador to Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, and Georgia; Acting United States Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan^[23]
• Roger Noriega, Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs^[23]
• John Osborn, Member of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy^[23]
• Kristen Silverberg, Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs^[13]
• William Howard Taft IV, Legal Adviser of the Department of State; United States Ambassador to NATO; United States Deputy Secretary of Defense^[13]
• Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli, Senior Advisor for Women’s Empowerment; Special Assistant to the President for Democracy, Human Rights and International Operations (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[13][18]
• Betty Tamposi, Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[102]
• Peter Teeley, United States Ambassador to Canada (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Robert Tuttle, United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[103]
• Philip Zelikow, Counselor of the United States Department of State^[13]

Former Defense Department officials[edit]

• Don Bacon,^[b] Brigadier General, United States Air Force; Representative for Nebraska’s 2nd district^[104]
• Seth Cropsey, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations/Low Intensity Conflict & Interdependent Capabilities^[23]
• Michael B. Donley, United States Secretary of the Air Force (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Eric Edelman, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy^[13]
• Doug Feith, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy^[105]
• Robert Hastings, Acting Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs^[23]
• Tim Kane, United States Air Force intelligence officer; Chief Labor Economist, Joint Economic Committee^[23]
• Mary Beth Long, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs^[13]
• Alberto J. Mora, General Counsel of the Navy (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Gale Pollock, Acting Surgeon General of the United States Army (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Martha Rainville, Major General, United States Air Force; Vermont Adjutant General^[23]
• Michael Rubin, Defense Country Director for Iran and Iraq^[23]
• Kalev Sepp, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations Capabilities^[23]
• Matthew Waxman, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Detainee Affairs (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[11][13]
• Paul Wolfowitz, United States Deputy Secretary of Defense; President of the World Bank Group (voting for Hillary Clinton)^[106]
• Dov Zakheim, Comptroller of the Department of Defense^[13]

Former National Security officials[edit]

• Ken Adelman, Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[11][23]
• Mike Baker, covert operations officer, Central Intelligence Agency^[23]
• Tom Donnelly, Director of the Policy Group, House Armed Services Committee^[23]
• Gary Edson, Deputy National Security Advisor^[13]
• Richard Falkenrath, Deputy Homeland Security Advisor^[13]
• Peter Feaver, Senior Director for Strategic Planning^[13]
• Aaron Friedberg, Deputy National Security Advisor to the Vice President^[13]
• Greg Garcia, Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for Cyber Security and Telecommunications^[23]
• Michael Green, Senior Director for Asia, National Security Council^[13]
• Paul Haenle, Director for China and Taiwan, National Security Council^[13]
• Michael Hayden, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2006–09)^[13]
• William Inboden, Senior Director for Strategic Planning, National Security Council^[13]
• James Jeffrey, Deputy National Security Advisor^[13]
• James C. Langdon, Jr., Chair of the President’s Intelligence Advisory Board^[13]
• Deborah Loewer, Director of the White House Situation Room (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[107]
• Evan McMullin, Operations officer, Central Intelligence Agency; Senior Adviser for National Security, House Foreign Affairs Committee (Independent candidate for President)^[108][109]
• Paul D. Miller, Director for Afghanistan, National Security Council^[23]
• Meghan O’Sullivan, Deputy National Security Advisor for Iraq and Afghanistan^[13]
• Kori Schake, Director of Defense Strategy, National Security Council^[13]
• Gary Schmitt, Executive Director of the President’s Intelligence Advisory Board^[23]
• Brent Scowcroft, National Security Advisor (1975–77, 1989–93); Chair of the President’s Intelligence Advisory Board (2001–05) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• David Shedd, Deputy Director of National Intelligence; Acting Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency^[23]
• Stephen Slick, Senior Director for Intelligence Programs, National Security Council^[13]
• Frances Townsend, Homeland Security Advisor^[23]
• Kenneth Wainstein, Homeland Security Advisor^[13]

Other former federal government officials[edit]

Former Chief of Staff to the Vice President and founder of The Weekly Standard Bill Kristol

• Donald B. Ayer, United States Deputy Attorney General^[13]
• Phillip D. Brady, White House Staff Secretary; White House Cabinet Secretary (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[107]
• Paul K. Charlton, United States Attorney^[110]
• Linda Chavez, Director of the Office of Public Liaison; 1986 nominee for U.S. Senator from Maryland^[28]
• Jim Cicconi, White House Staff Secretary (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Scott Evertz, Director of the Office of National AIDS Policy (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Tony Fratto, Deputy White House Press Secretary^[111]
• Charles Fried, United States Solicitor General; Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[112]
• Fred T. Goldberg, Jr., Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Tax Policy; Commissioner of Internal Revenue (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Theodore Kassinger, United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce^[13]
• Bill Kristol, Chief of Staff to the Vice President (endorsed Evan McMullin)^[113]
• Rosario Marin, Treasurer of the United States (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[114]
• John McKay, former United States Attorney (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[115]
• Andrew Natsios, Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development; Chair of the Massachusetts Republican Party^[13]
• Daniel F. Runde, Director of the Global Development Alliance^[23]
• Larry D. Thompson, United States Deputy Attorney General^[13]
• Dan Webb, former United States Attorney (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[116]
• Peter Wehner, Director of the Office of Strategic Initiatives^[11]
• Lezlee Westine, Director of the Office of Public Liaison (2001–2005) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[98][117]
• Peter Zeidenberg, Assistant United States Attorney^[110]

Statewide officials[edit]

Current

• Brian Calley,^[a][b] Lieutenant Governor of Michigan (2011–present)^[118]
• Spencer Cox, Lieutenant Governor of Utah (2013–present)^[119]
• Kim Guadagno, Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey (2010–present)^[120]

Former

• Paul Anderson, Associate Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court (1994–2013) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[121]
• Greg Bell, Lieutenant Governor of Utah (2009–13) (endorsed Evan McMullin)^[122]
• Bob Brown, Secretary of State of Montana (2001–05) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[123]
• Betty Montgomery, Attorney General of Ohio (1995–2003), Ohio State Auditor (2003–07)^[124]
• Sam Reed, Secretary of State of Washington (2000–12) (endorsed Evan McMullin)^[125]
• Mark Shurtleff, Attorney General of Utah (2001–13) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[126]
• Robert Smith, Associate Judge of the New York Court of Appeals (2004–14) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[127]
• Michael Steele, Lieutenant Governor of Maryland (2003–07) and RNC Chair (2009–11)^[128]
• Diana Taylor, New York Superintendent of Banks (2003–07) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[129]
• Grant Woods, Attorney General of Arizona (1991–99) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[130]

State legislators[edit]

Current

• Jack Ciattarelli,^[a] New Jersey State Representative (2011–present)^[120]
• Kurt Daudt,^[b] Minnesota State Representative (2011–present), Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives (2015–present)^[45]
• David Johnson, Iowa State Senator (2003–present)^[37][131]
• Mark B. Madsen, Utah State Senator (2005–present) (endorsed Gary Johnson)^[132]
• Charisse Millett,^[a] Alaska State Representative (2009–present), Majority Leader (2015–present)^[133][134]
• Ross Spano, Florida State Representative (2012–present)^[80]
• Joe Sweeney,^[a] New Hampshire State Representative (2012–present)^[135]

Former

• Michael Balboni, New York State Senator (1998–2007) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[136]
• Lois Sherman Hagarty, Pennsylvania State Representative (1980–92)^[137]
• Brian Lees, Massachusetts State Senator (1989–2007), Minority Leader (1993–2007)^[138]
• Jack McGregor, Pennsylvania State Senator (1963–70) (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[107]
• Will Weatherford, Florida State Representative (2006–14), Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives (2012–14)^[80]

Municipal officials[edit]

• Joel Giambra, former Erie County Executive (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[139]
• Carlos A. Giménez, Mayor of Miami-Dade County (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[140]
• Danny Jones, Mayor of Charleston, West Virginia (endorsed Gary Johnson)^[141][142]
• Aimee Winder Newton,^[a] Member of the Salt Lake County Council^[143]
• Tomás Regalado, Mayor of Miami^[144]

Other notable individuals[edit]

Republican Party figures[edit]

Laura Bush, former First Lady of the United States

Ben Shapiro, conservative commentator

George Will, conservative commentator

• Steve Baer, former President, United Republican Fund of Illinois ^[145]
• Max Boot, author (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[28]
• Ellen Bork, political consultant^[23]
• Laura Bush, First Lady of the United States (2001–09); First Lady of Texas (1995-2000)^[146]
• Marvin Bush, son of George H. W. Bush, brother of George W. Bush and Jeb Bush (endorsed Gary Johnson)^[147]
• Al Cardenas, former chair of the Republican Party of Florida^[72]
• Patrick Chovanec, economist^[23]
• Mindy Finn, political consultant, strategist, and activist (Independent running mate for Evan McMullin)^[148]
• Darryl Glenn,^[a] 2016 nominee for U.S. Senator from Colorado ^[149]
• Juan Hernandez, political consultant, co-founder of Hispanic Republicans of Texas (endorsed Gary Johnson)^[150]
• Matt Higgins, former press secretary for New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Robert Kagan, former foreign policy advisor and speechwriter (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[28]
• Matt Kibbe, libertarian ideals advocate^[28]
• Jimmy LaSalvia, co-founder of GOProud (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Kevin Madden, spokesperson for 2012 presidential nominee, Mitt Romney^[21]
• Ken Mehlman, former Chair of the Republican National Committee^[28]
• Mike Murphy, political consultant and commentator (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[151]
• Patrick Ruffini, political strategist^[28]
• Mark Salter, chief aide to John McCain (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[152]
• Randy Scheunemann, national security and foreign policy advisor^[23]
• Steve Schmidt, campaign strategist^[153]
• Gabriel Schoenfeld, former Senior Advisor to 2012 presidential nominee Mitt Romney^[28]
• Lionel Sosa, political consultant (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[154]
• A. J. Spiker, Chair of the Iowa Republican Party^[155]
• Ben Stein, former speechwriter for Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford^[28]
• Stuart Stevens, political consultant and strategist^[28]
• Mac Stipanovich, strategist and lobbyist; former Chief of Staff to Bob Martinez (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[156]
• John Weaver,^[d] strategist^[157]

Conservative academics, journalists and commentators[edit]

• Michael Auslin, Resident Scholar and Director of Japanese Studies at the American Enterprise Institute^[23]
• Glenn Beck, former Fox News host, radio host, columnist, and author (endorsed Darrell Castle)^[158]
• Guy Benson, journalist^[111]
• Michael Berry, radio host^[28]
• L. Brent Bozell III, activist and writer^[28]
• David Brooks, columnist^[159]
• Christine Caine, evangelical author^[160]
• Steven G. Calabresi, legal scholar and co-founder of the Federalist Society^[161]
• Mona Charen, columnist and author^[28]
• Lanhee Chen, academic and commentator^[20]
• Joshua Claybourn, attorney, author, and former convention delegate^[162][163]
• Ross Douthat, columnist^[37]
• Daniel W. Drezner, blogger^[23]
• Richard Epstein, legal scholar^[161]
• Erick Erickson, blogger (endorsed Evan McMullin)^[164]
• Niall Ferguson, professor of history^[23]
• David A. French, author and journalist^[37]
• David Frum, columnist and speechwriter for George W. Bush (voted for Hillary Clinton)^[165]
• Jeffrey Gedmin, author^[23]
• Robert P. George, academic^[20]
• Reuel Marc Gerecht, writer (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[23]
• Michael Gerson, columnist and speechwriter for George W. Bush^[166]
• Jonah Goldberg, columnist and author (endorsed Evan McMullin)^[167]
• Michael Graham, radio host^[111]
• Mary R. Habeck, professor of strategic studies^[23]
• David Harsanyi, columnist^[111]
• Stephen F. Hayes, columnist^[111]
• Quin Hillyer, columnist^[28]
• Margaret Hoover, consultant and commentator^[168]
• Charles Krauthammer, columnist (wrote in Paul Ryan or Ben Sasse)^[169]
• Matt K. Lewis, columnist and commentator^[170]
• Dana Loesch, author and commentator^[171]
• Peter Mansoor, military historian (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[23]
• Meghan McCain, commentator, daughter of Senator John McCain (voted for Evan McMullin)^[172]
• Beth Moore, evangelical author^[160]
• Russell D. Moore, evangelical theologian, head of the Southern Baptist Convention‘s Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission (writing-in Ben Sasse)^[20][173]
• Charles Murray, political scientist and commentator^[174]
• Ana Navarro, strategist and commentator (voted for Hillary Clinton)^[175]
• Tom Nichols, national security affairs scholar (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[23]
• John Noonan, national security analyst and commentator^[176][177]
• Marvin Olasky, editor-in-chief of World^[178]
• Mackubin Thomas Owens, national security advisor^[23]
• Katie Pavlich, journalist^[28]
• James Pethokoukis, columnist at the American Enterprise Institute (voted for Hillary Clinton)^[179]
• Daniel Pipes, historian and columnist^[23]
• Danielle Pletka, foreign policy writer^[180]
• John Podhoretz, writer and columnist^[20]
• Dorothy Rabinowitz, journalist (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[181]
• Jennifer Rubin, journalist^[28]
• Ben Shapiro, columnist and commentator^[28]
• Bret Stephens, journalist^[20]
• Ray Takeyh, Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations^[23]
• Ruth Wedgwood, professor of international law and diplomacy^[23]
• Jamie Weinstein, political journalist^[37]
• Montel Williams, talk show host and commentator^[182]
• George Will, columnist^[183][184]
• Kevin D. Williamson, writer^[185]
• Declan Garvey, commentator, President Emeritus of Harvard Republican Club^[186]

Business leaders[edit]

Meg Whitman, current HP and former eBay CEO

• Daniel Akerson, former Chairman and CEO of General Motors (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[187][188]
• Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape; founder of Andreessen Horowitz (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[189]
• Mike Fernandez, founder of MBF Healthcare Partners (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[190]
• Seth Klarman, founder of Baupost Group (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[20][191]
• Hamid R. Moghadam, CEO of Prologis (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[189]
• James Murren, Chairman and CEO of MGM Resorts International (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[192]
• Chuck Robbins, CEO of Cisco Systems (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[189]
• Paul Singer, founder and CEO of Elliott Management Corporation^[193]
• Harry E. Sloan, former CEO of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^[18]
• Jack Welch,^[a] former CEO of General Electric^[194]
• Meg Whitman, CEO of Hewlett Packard Enterprise; former CEO of eBay; 2010 California nominee for Governor of California (endorsed Hillary Clinton)^{[18][20][195]}

Republican groups[edit]

• Harvard Republican Club^[196]
• Penn State College Republicans^[197]
• Kenyon Republicans^[198]
• The University of the South College Republicans^[199]
• Cornell College Republicans (endorsed Gary Johnson)^[200]
• New Mexico College Republicans (endorsed Gary Johnson)^[201]
• Log Cabin Republicans^[202]

General election opposition[edit]

Hillary Clinton and Gary Johnson were considered the main alternatives to Trump in the general election.

Trump was widely described as the presumptive Republican nominee after the May 3 Indiana primary,^[6] notwithstanding the continued opposition of groups such as Our Principles PAC.^[47] Many GOP leaders endorsed Trump after he became the presumptive nominee, but other Republicans looked for ways to defeat him in the general election.^[48]Stop Trump members such as Mitt Romney, Eric Erickson, William Kristol, Mike Murphy, Stuart Stevens, and Rick Wilson pursued the possibility of an independent candidacy by a non-Trump Republican.^[48]Potential candidates included Senator Ben Sasse, Governor John Kasich, Senator Tom Coburn, Congressman Justin Amash, Senator Rand Paul, retired Marine Corps General James Mattis, retired Army General Stanley McChrystal, former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, businessman Mark Cuban, and 2012 Republican nominee Mitt Romney.^[48][49] However, many of these candidates rejected the possibility of an independent run, pointing to difficulties such as ballot access and the potential to help the Democratic candidate win the presidency.^[48] One potential strategy would involve an independent candidate gaining enough electoral votes to deny a majority to either of the major party candidates, sending the three presidential candidates with the most electoral votes to the U.S. House of Representatives under procedures established by the Twelfth Amendment.^[50][51] Some anti-Trump Republicans stated that they would vote for Hillary Clinton in the general election.^[52]

On May 3, 2016, one of the biggest anti-Trump groups, the “Never Trump PAC”, circulated a petition to collect the signatures of conservatives opposed to voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election.^[53][54] As of August 19, 2016, over 54,000 people had signed the petition.^[55] Gary Johnson‘s campaign in the Libertarian Party attracted attention as a possible vehicle for the Stop Trump movement’s votes in the general election after Trump became the Republican Party’s presumptive nominee.^[56][57][58] In late May, Craig Snyder, a former Republican staffer, launched the “Republicans For Hillary PAC”, “aimed at convincing Republicans to choose Hillary Clinton over […] Donald Trump in November.”^[59] Also, the grassroots effort, called “Republicans for Clinton in 2016”, or R4C16, joined the effort in defeating Trump.^[60]

William Kristol, editor of The Weekly Standard, promoted National Review staff writer David A. French of Tennessee as a prospective candidate.^[61][62][63] French opted not to run.^[64][65] On August 8, Evan McMullin, a conservative Republican, announced that he would mount an independent bid for president, with support of the Never Trump movement.^[66] McMullin was backed by Better for America, a Never Trump group,^[67] and was supported by former Americans Elect CEO Kahlil Byrd and Republican campaign-finance lawyer Chris Ashby.^[66]

Reactions[edit]

Reactions to the Stop Trump movement were mixed, with other prominent Republicans making statements in support of preventing Trump from receiving the Republican nomination. Following his withdrawal as a candidate for President, U.S. Senator Marco Rubio expressed hope that Trump’s nomination could be stopped, adding that his nomination “would fracture the party and be damaging to the conservative movement.”^[68]

Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus dismissed the potential impact of Mitt Romney’s efforts to block Trump at the convention.^[36] Sam Clovis, a national co-chairman for Trump’s campaign, said that he would leave the Republican Party if it “comes into that convention and jimmies with the rules and takes away the will of the people”.^[41] Ned Ryun, founder of conservative group American Majority, expressed concern about a contested convention, should Trump have the most delegates, but fail to reach the 1,237 necessary to be assured the nomination. Ryun speculated that a contested convention would result in Trump running as a third-party candidate, making it unlikely that Republicans would win the presidency in the November general election, adding that it would “blow up the party, at least in the short term”.^[69][70]

New Jersey governor Chris Christie expressed his opinion that the efforts to stop Trump will ultimately fail. Relatively shortly after his endorsement of Trump, he criticized the people who condemned his endorsement, including the Stop Trump movement, stating that his critics had yet to support any of the remaining GOP candidates. He said, “I think if you’re a public figure, you have the obligation to speak out, and be ‘for’ something, not just ‘against’ something. … When those folks in the ‘Stop Trump’ movement actually decide to be for something, then people can make an evaluation … if they want to be for one of the remaining candidates, do what I did: Be for one of the remaining candidates.”^[71]

Trump said that if he were deprived of the nomination because of falling just short of the 1,237 delegates required, that there could be “problems like you’ve never seen before. I think bad things would happen” and “I think you’d have riots.”^[5][72][73] Trump made prior comments suggesting that he might run as an independent candidate if he were not to get the Republican nomination.^[36]

Roger Stone, a political consultant who served as an advisor for Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign, and who remains a “confidant” to Trump,^[74][75] put together a group called “Stop the Steal” and threatened “Days of Rage” if Republican party leaders try to deny the nomination to Trump at the Republican National Convention in Cleveland.^[76][77]Stone also threatened to disclose to the public the hotel room numbers of delegates who oppose Trump.^[77]

Developments following the election[edit]

After Trump won the election, two Electoral College electors launched an effort to convince fellow electors who are allocated to Trump not to vote for him.^[78]

On December 11, Rep. Jim Himes (D-CT) wrote on Twitter that the Electoral College should not elect Trump. “We’re 5 wks from Inauguration & the President Elect is completely unhinged. The Electoral College must do what it was designed for.”^[79]On December 12, in an interview on CNN‘s New Day, Himes said that he was troubled by several actions by the president-elect. The issue that “pushed me over the edge” was Trump’s criticism of the CIA and the intelligence community. The Congressman did admit that Trump won “fair and square,” but he said that Trump proved himself unfit for public office. He cited the intentions behind the creation of the electoral college and he argued that it was created for an instance such as the election of Trump.^[80]

Efforts to persuade more electors to vote against Trump ultimately failed, and Trump won 304 electors on December 19. Trump’s electoral lead over Clinton even grew because a larger number of electors defected from her: Trump received 304 of his 306 pledged electors, Clinton 227 of her 232.

January 2017

• January 3 – Five men, including NAACP president Cornell William Brooks, and one woman held a sit-in at Jeff Sessions‘ office in Mobile, Alabama, intending to stay until Sessions withdrew his name for consideration as United States Attorney General or they were arrested.^[285] The sit-in started at 11:00 AM and ended at 6:30 PM when the protesters were arrested.^[286]
• January 14 – About 2,000 protesters, most of them African-American, marched through rain near the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial to demand protection of civil rights and voting rights.^[287]
• January 19
  • The night before the inauguration, hundreds of people protested outside the Trump International Hotel and Tower in New York City.^[288]
  • During the DeploraBall in Washington, D.C., hundreds of anti-Trump protesters demonstrated outside of the National Press Building.^[289]

Protests during Trump’s presidency

• January 20 – Fifty women from El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juárez, demonstrated against the proposed wall and the Trump Administration immigration policies by standing on the US/Mexico border, linked by hands and braiding scarves or hair together between 7am and 9am.^[290][291] The women were part of an organization called Boundless Across Borders.

Inauguration protests

Further information: Inauguration of Donald Trump § Protests and demonstrations

Several thousands of people, many of them dressed in purple (the symbolic color of anti-bullying) formed a human chain on the sidewalk across the Golden Gate Bridge to peacefully oppose the inauguration of Donald Trump

Protesters at the inauguration of Donald Trump

A large number of protests were planned in connection with the inauguration of Donald Trump as the President of the United States of America on January 20, 2017.^[56] Security preparation for Trump’s inauguration gathered a total of nearly 28,000 security personnel to participate in Washington, D.C.^[57] Anti-Trump protesters, mostly dressed in black, attempted to disrupt the inauguration and clashed with police in various parts of downtown Washington D.C.

On the eve of the inauguration, January 19, protestors gathered outside the National Press Building in Washington D.C. where the DeploraBall was held. Although the protest was mostly peaceful, several members threw debris at attendees, hitting one man in the head.^[58] Police responded with teargas and pepper spray,^[59] scattering the crowd.

On the day of the Inauguration, January 20, a group of around 100 protesters smashed windows of businesses in downtown Washington and tipped over garbage cans.^[60] The protesters also blocked entryways to the event and chained themselves to barricades, attempting with little success to prevent Trump supporters from gathering near the inaugural parade route.^[57] Along the parade route, hundreds of demonstrators gathered at designated protest sites, waved signs and chanted anti-Trump slogans. Occasional clashes between police and demonstrators occurred,^[61] with masked protesters throwing rocks and chunks of concrete at police.^[62] Rioting continued late into the afternoon near Pennsylvania Avenue.^[63] A limousine was tagged with graffiti, its windows were shattered, and it was later set on fire.^[64] The limo was owned by a Muslim immigrant, and its driver was hospitalized.^[65] The fire spread to a Fox News crew SUV which was parked behind the limo.^[66] 230 people were arrested, and of those, 217 were charged at the federal level with felony rioting, which, if convicted, is punishable by up to 10 years in prison and a fine of up to $250,000.^[67] Six officers suffered minor injuries.

Washington, D.C.[edit]

On the eve of the inauguration, January 19, protestors gathered outside the National Press Building in Washington D.C. where the DeploraBall was held. Several protesters threw debris at attendees, hitting one man in the head.^[82] Police responded with teargas and pepper spray,^[83] scattering the crowd.

Limo smashed in Washington DC

On the day of the Inauguration, January 20, a group of around 100 protesters smashed windows of businesses in downtown Washington and tipped over garbage cans.^[84] The protesters also blocked entryways to the event and chained themselves to barricades, attempting with little success to prevent Trump supporters from gathering near the inaugural parade route.^[80] Along the parade route, hundreds of demonstrators gathered at designated protest sites, waved signs and chanted anti-Trump slogans. Occasional clashes between police and demonstrators occurred,^[85] with masked protesters throwing rocks and chunks of concrete at police.^[86] Rioting continued late into the afternoon near Pennsylvania Avenue.^[87] A limousine was tagged with graffiti, its windows were shattered, and it was later set on fire.^[88] The limo was owned by a Muslim immigrant, and its driver was hospitalized.^[89] The fire spread to a Fox News crew SUV which was parked behind the limo.^[90] 230 people were arrested, and of those, 217 were charged at the federal level with felony rioting, which, if convicted, is punishable by up to 10 years in prison and a fine of up to $250,000.^[91] Six officers suffered minor injuries.^[92]

California[edit]

On Friday January 20, 2017, in the morning, anti-Trump protesters blocked the headquarters of Uber in San Francisco because the CEO of the company is seen as a “collaborator” with Trump.^[93] Around 16 people were arrested in the demonstration which created human chains to block the offices.^[93] Other companies blocked Friday morning in San Francisco were the Wells Fargo headquarters and Caltrain tracks.^[93]

In Los Angeles, thousands turned out for a peaceful protest on Friday, despite the rain.^[94] Demonstrators rallied outside of Los Angeles City Hall.^[95]

LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner[edit]

Artists LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner started live-streaming a planned four-year protest, titled HEWILLNOTDIVIDE.US, at 9 a.m. on the morning of the inauguration on January 20.^[96] Participants were invited to deliver the words “He will not divide us” into a camera mounted to a wall “as many times, and for as long as they wish”, in what the artists described as “a show of resistance or insistence, opposition or optimism, guided by the spirit of each individual participant and the community.”^[97]The footage was broadcast on a 24/7 feed, which the artists announced would run for four years, or the duration of Trump’s presidency.^[96] The initial host of the artwork, the Museum of Moving Images in New York, abandoned their involvement with the project after three weeks, citing public safety concerns.^[98] The installation became especially contentious after white supremacists started yelling “1488” to the camera and because of increased “loitering” in the area around the museum,^[99]with the museum receiving threats of violence.^[96] The artists, meanwhile claimed that the museum had “bowed to political pressure” in ceasing their involvement with the project, adding that there had been no incidents of violence that they were aware of. More than a million people viewed the live-stream before it was shut down.^[99] The exhibit relocated on February 18, 2017, to a wall outside the El Rey Theater in Albuquerque, New Mexico.^[100]

2017 Women’s March

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the movement as a whole. For an individual listing of protests, see List of 2017 Women’s March locations.

2017 Women’s March Women’s March on Washington
Part of the women’s rights movement and protests against Donald Trump
Demonstrators at the Women’s March on Washington in Washington, D.C.
Date	January 21–22, 2017
Location	Worldwide, with flagship march in Washington, D.C.
Causes	Opposition to social circumstances leading to Presidency of Donald Trump[1][2]
Goals	“Protection of our rights, our safety, our health, and our families – recognizing that our vibrant and diverse communities are the strength of our country”[3] Human rights (women’s rights, reproductive rights, LGBT rights, gender equality, racial equality, worker rights) Immigration reform Health care reform Environmental protection
Methods	Protest march
Lead figures
Co-chairs Linda Sarsour Tamika Mallory Carmen Perez Bob Bland[4][5] Honorary co-chairs Gloria Steinem Harry Belafonte LaDonna Harris Angela Davis Dolores Huerta[6]
Number
Estimated 500,000 people (Washington, D.C., marches)[7] Estimated 3,300,000 – 4,600,000 in the United States [8]Estimated up to 4.8 million worldwide[9][10][11]
Official websites: www.womensmarch.com www.pussyhatproject.com

The Women’s March^{[10][12][13][a]} was a worldwide protest on January 21, 2017, to protect legislation and policies regarding human rights and other issues, including women’s rights, immigration reform, healthcare reform, the natural environment, LGBTQ rights, racial equality, freedom of religion,^[17] and workers’ rights. While the march was billed as pro-woman, the rallies were also aimed at Donald Trump, immediately following his inauguration as President of the United States, largely due to statements and positions attributed to him regarded by many as misogynistic or otherwise reprehensible.^[10][18] It is the largest single-day demonstration in U.S. history.^[19][20] The march drew at least 500,000 people in Washington, and some estimates put worldwide participation at 4.8 million.^{[9][10][11][21]} At least 408 marches were planned in the U.S. and 168 in 81^[9] other countries.^[22]

Wikinews has related news: Women’s March becomes largest protest in U.S. history

The first protest was planned in Washington, D.C., and is known as the Women’s March on Washington.^[23] It was organized as a grassroots movement to “send a bold message to our new administration on their first day in office, and to the world that women’s rights are human rights“.^[24] The Washington March was streamed live on YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter.^[25]

Officials who organized the marches later reported that 673 marches took place worldwide, on all seven continents, including 29 in Canada, 20 in Mexico,^[10] and one in Antarctica.^[26] In Washington D.C. alone, the protests were the largest political demonstrations since the anti–Vietnam War protests in the 1960s and 1970s, with both protests drawing in similar numbers.^[27][28] The Women’s March crowds were peaceful, and no arrests were made in Washington, D.C., Chicago, Los Angeles,^[b] New York City, and Seattle, where an estimated combined total of 2 million people marched.^[30]

Following the march, the organizers of the Women’s March on Washington posted the “10 Actions for the first 100 Days” campaign for joint activism to keep up the momentum from the march.^[31][32]

Background[edit]

Organizers[edit]

On November 9, 2016, the day after Donald Trump was elected President of the United States,^[33] in reaction to Trump’s election and political views,^[c][35] Teresa Shook of Hawaii created a Facebook event and invited friends to march on Washington in protest. Similar Facebook pages created by Evvie Harmon, Fontaine Pearson, Bob Bland (a New York fashion designer), Breanne Butler, and others quickly led to thousands of women signing up to march.^{[36][37][38][39]} Harmon, Pearson, and Butler decided to unite their efforts and consolidate their pages, beginning the official Women’s March on Washington.^[36] To ensure that the march was led by women of differing races and backgrounds, Vanessa Wruble, co-founder and Head of Campaign Operations, brought on Tamika D. Mallory, Carmen Perez and Linda Sarsour to serve as National Co-Chairs alongside Bland.^[36][40] Former Miss New Jersey USA Janaye Ingram served as Head of Logistics.^[41] Organizers stated that they were “not targeting Trump specifically” and that the event was “more about being proactive about women’s rights”. Sarsour called it “a stand on social justice and human rights issues ranging from race, ethnicity, gender, religion, immigration and healthcare”.^[4][42] Still, opposition to and defiance of Trump infused the protests,^[43] which were sometimes directly called anti-Trump protests.^[44]

National co-chairs[edit]

The four co-chairs were Linda Sarsour, the executive director of the Arab American Association of New York; Tamika Mallory, a political organizer and former executive director of the National Action Network; Carmen Perez, an executive director of the political action group The Gathering for Justice; and Bob Bland, a fashion designer who focuses on ethical manufacturing.^[4][5] Vanessa Wruble, co-founder and co-president of Okayafrica, serves as Head of Campaign Operations.^[40] Gloria Steinem, Harry Belafonte, LaDonna Harris, Angela Davis and Dolores Huerta served as honorary co-chairs.^[6][45]

Planned Parenthood partnered with the march by providing staff and offering knowledge related to planning a large-scale event.^[46] Planned Parenthood president Cecile Richards asserted that the march would “send a strong message to the incoming administration that millions of people across this country are prepared to fight attacks on reproductive healthcare, abortion services and access to Planned Parenthood, [which] hopes that [in the future] many of the protesters will mobilize in its defense when Trump and congressional Republicans make their attempt to strip the organization of millions in federal funding”. The national organizing director stressed the importance of continuing action at a local level and remaining active after the event.^[4]

Policy platform[edit]

On January 12, the march organizers released a policy platform addressing reproductive rights, immigration reform, religious discrimination,^[47] LGBTQ rights, gender and racial inequities, workers’ rights, and other issues.^[1][2] “Build bridges, not walls” (a reference to Trump’s proposals for a border wall) became popular worldwide after the Trump’s inaugural address,^[48][49] and was a common refrain throughout the march.^[50]

The organizers also addressed environmental issues: “We believe that every person and every community in our nation has the right to clean water, clean air, and access to and enjoyment of public lands. We believe that our environment and our climate must be protected, and that our land and natural resources cannot be exploited for corporate gain or greed—especially at the risk of public safety and health.”^[2]

Participation[edit]

While organizers had originally expected over 200,000 people,^[51] the march ended up drawing between 440,000^[52] to 500,000 in Washington D.C.^[7] The Washington Metro system had its second-busiest day ever with over a million trips taken, second only to the first inauguration of Barack Obama.^[53] The New York Times reported that crowd scientists estimate that the Women’s March was three times the size of the Trump inauguration, which they estimate at 160,000 attendees.^[51] However, The Washington Post and The New York Times have stated that it is difficult to accurately calculate crowd size^[54][55] and other estimates of the Trump inauguration range from 250,000 to 600,000 people.^[56][57]

An estimated 3,300,000 – 4,600,000 people participated in the United States^[58] and up to 4.8 million did worldwide.^{[10][9][11][21]}

Washington, D.C.[edit]

Name origin[edit]

Logo for the Women’s March on Washington

Originally billed as the “Million Women March”,^[59] the organizers eventually chose to call the event the Women’s March on Washington after the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a historic civil rights rally on the Mall where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech.^[60] The rally also paid tribute to the 1997 Million Woman March in Philadelphia, in which hundreds of thousands of African American women are said to have participated.^[61]

Logistics planning[edit]

Because of scheduling conflicts at the Lincoln Memorial,^[62] a permit was secured on December 9 to start the march on Independence Avenue at the southwest corner of the Capitol building and continue along the National Mall.^[63]

By January 20, 2017, 222,000 people had RSVP’d as going to the Washington, D.C., march and 251,000 had indicated interest.^[64][65] On January 16, 2017, Fox News reported that authorities were expecting “a crowd of almost 500,000 people”,^[66] and the permit for the march issued by the National Park Service was revised by the head of D.C.’s Homeland Security department to half a million people^[67]—significantly more than the estimated attendance at President Donald Trump‘s inauguration ceremony the previous day.^[68][69]

Partnerships[edit]

In late December, organizers announced that over 100 organizations would provide assistance during the march and support the event across their social media platforms.^[70] By January 18, more than 400 organizations were listed as “partners” on the March’s official website.^[71][72]

Planned Parenthood (which has received federal funding since 1970, when President Richard Nixon signed into law the Family Planning Services and Population Research Act) and the Natural Resources Defense Council were listed as the two “premier partners”.^[71] Other organizations listed as partners included the AFL–CIO, Amnesty International USA, the Mothers of the Movement, the National Center for Lesbian Rights, the National Organization for Women, MoveOn.org, Human Rights Watch, Code Pink, Black Girls Rock!, the NAACP, the American Indian Movement, Emily’s List, Oxfam, Greenpeace USA, and the League of Women Voters.

On January 13, New Wave Feminists, an anti-abortion feminist group, was granted partnership status by the event’s organizers. However, after the organization’s involvement was publicized in a piece in The Atlantic, New Wave Feminists was removed from the partners page on the march’s website.^[76] Other anti-abortion groups that had been granted partnership status, including Abby Johnson‘s And Then There Were None (ATTWN) and Stanton Healthcare, were subsequently unlisted as partners as well. Although no longer partners, New Wave Feminists still took part in the official march, alongside other anti-abortion groups such as ATTWN, Students for Life of America, and Life Matters Journal.^[d]

Speakers[edit]

The official list of speakers included Gloria Steinem, America Ferrera and Scarlett Johansson. Others speakers were Sophie Cruz, Angela Davis, and Michael Moore, as well as Cecile Richards, Ilyasah Shabazz, Janet Mock, LaDonna Harris, Janelle Monáe, Maryum Ali, Rabbi Sharon Brous, Sister Simone Campbell, Ashley Judd, Melissa Harris-Perry, Randi Weingarten, Van Jones, Kristin Rowe-Finkbeiner, Roslyn Brock, Muriel Bowser, Tammy Duckworth, Kamala Harris, Donna Hylton and Ai-jen Poo.

Gloria Steinem addressing crowds at the Women’s March on Washington

Speaking at the march, Steinem commented: “Our constitution does not begin with ‘I, the President.’ It begins with, ‘We, the People.’ I am proud to be one of thousands who have come to Washington to make clear that we will keep working for a democracy in which we are linked as human beings, not ranked by race or gender or class or any other label.”^[4]

Ferrera stated, “If we – the millions of Americans who believe in common decency, in the greater good, in justice for all – if we fall into the trap by separating ourselves by our causes and our labels, then we will weaken our fight and we will lose. But if we commit to what aligns us, if we stand together steadfast and determined, then we stand a chance of saving the soul of our country.”^[82]

Actress Scarlett Johansson

Johansson called for long-term change: “Once the heaviness [of the election] began to subside, an opportunity has presented itself to make real long-term change, not just for future Americans, but in the way we view our responsibility to get involved with and stay active in our communities. Let this weight not drag you down, but help to get your heels stuck in.”^[82]

The youngest presenter at the Washington D.C. march, 6-year-old Sophie Cruz, said, “Let us fight with love, faith and courage so that our families will not be destroyed,” and ended her speech saying, “I also want to tell the children not to be afraid, because we are not alone. There are still many people that have their hearts filled with love. Let’s keep together and fight for the rights. God is with us.” Cruz repeated her speech in Spanish.^[83]

Alicia Keys performed at the rally saying, “We are mothers. We are caregivers. We are artists. We are activists. We are entrepreneurs, doctors, leaders of industry and technology. Our potential is unlimited. We rise.” Angela Davis said, “We recognize that we are collective agents of history and that history cannot be deleted like web pages.” Maryum Ali also spoke, saying, “Don’t get frustrated, get involved. Don’t complain, organize.”^[82]

Calling for participation following the march to maintain the momentum, Michael Moore urged marchers to engage in “100 days of protest” of the Trump administration.^[84] He established The First 100 Days of Resistance, a website that offers a plan to implement the marchers’ goals, and asked that people join the coalition “to stop Trump’s hate-filled agenda and continue to advance the cause of racial, social, environmental and economic justice”. Saying the Democratic Party needs new leadership, Moore also urged marchers to run for office.^[85]

Pussyhat Project[edit]

Sewn and knit pussyhats being worn on a plane to Washington D.C.

The Pussyhat Project was a nationwide effort initiated by Krista Suh and Jayna Zweiman of Los Angeles to create pink hats to be worn at the march for visual impact. In response to this call, crafters all over the US began making these hats using patterns provided on the project website for using either a knitting method, crocheting and even sewing patterns.^[86][87] The project’s goal was to have one million hats handed out at the Washington March.^[87] The hats are made using pink yarns or fabrics and were originally designed to be a positive form of protest for Trump’s inauguration by Krista Suh. Suh, from Los Angeles, wanted a hat for the cooler climate in Washington, D. C. and made herself a hat for the protest, realizing the potential: “we could all wear them, make a unified statement”.^[88] One of the project founders, Jayna Zweiman, stated “I think it’s resonating a lot because we’re really saying that no matter who you are or where you are, you can be politically active.”^[87] Suh and Zwieman worked with the owner of a local knitting supply shop called The Little Knittery to come up with the original design. The project launched in November 2016 and quickly became popular on social media with over 100,000 downloads of the pattern to make the hat.^[89]

The name refers to the resemblance of the top corners of the hats to cat ears and attempts to reclaim the derogatory term “pussy“, a play on Trump’s widely reported 2005 remarks that women would let him “grab them by the pussy”.^[90][91] Many of the hats worn by marchers in Washington, D.C., were created by crafters who were unable to attend and wished them to be worn by those who could, to represent their presence. Those hats optionally contained notes from the crafters to the wearers, expressing support. They were distributed by the crafters themselves, by yarn stores at the points of origin, carried to the event by marchers, and also distributed at the destination.^[92] The production of the hats caused a shortage of pink wool knitting yarn.^[93] On the day of the march, NPR compared the hats to the “Make America Great Again” hats worn by Trump supporters, in that both represented groups that had at one point been politically marginalized; both sent “simultaneously unifying and antagonistic” messages; and both were simplistic in their conveyances.^[94]

Other U.S. locations[edit]

Across the United States, there were a total of 408 planned marches.

United States[edit]

Listed below are 676 marches in the U.S. in support of the 2017 Women’s March.

State	Cities	Photo	Approximate attendance	Notes
Washington, D.C.			500,000[2][3]	Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe announced that he would attend the march instead of the inaugural parade. McAuliffe said he would be marching in Washington with his wife Dorothy, Lt. Gov. Ralph Northam and Cecile Richards, president of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.[4]
Alabama	Birmingham		5,000–10,000[5]	The march started at Kelly Ingram Park.[6]
	Huntsville		100	Protesters assembled on a street corner.[7]
	Mentone[8]		70+[9]	Protestors assembled at the intersection of Alabama Highway 89 and 117. About 50 people of the total population of 360 showed up.[10]
	Mobile		900–1,000[11]	Protesters assembled in Public Safety Memorial Park and the march lasted approximately 30 minutes.[11]
Alaska	Adak		10[12]	Ten people demonstrated at the westernmost city in the Aleutian Islands.[12]
	Anchorage		3,500[12][13]	Thousands protested at the Delaney Park Strip.[12]
	Bethel		40–80[12][14]	Participants had signs in both English and Yup’ik.[14]
	Craig		25	“Dozens of people came out for the Women’s March in Craig, Saturday Jan. 21, 2017.” (pics 11, 58, 62-65 of 65)[15]
	Cordova[16]		100+[17]
	Fairbanks		2,000[18]	People rallied in subzero temperatures.[12]
	Gustavus[16]		100s (hundreds) [19]	The march began at the “Welcome to Gustavus” sign by the airport and ended at the Sunnyside at 4 Corners[20]Approximately 100 of the town’s 400 residents showed up. Photos and video of Gustavus march.[21][22]
	Haines[16]		150[13]	The march took place in cold and windy conditions.[15][23]
	Homer[12]		900[13][24]
	Juneau[16]		1,000	Protesters gathered at the Alaska State Capitol.[25][26]
	Ketchikan		220[13][27]
	Kodiak		330[13][28]	Protesters began in the high school parking lot, looped around downtown and ended at the library.[29]
	Kotzebue[16]		35–36[citation needed]	Photos at blog of march, but number of participants not stated (photos show roughly 35 people). Conditions were extremely cold.[30][31]
	Moose Pass		15[15]
	Nome		100[13][32]
	Palmer[16]		900–1,000[33]
	Seldovia[16]		45 [24]
	Seward		54–70[citation needed]
	Sitka[16]		700[13]
	Skagway[23]		112	Organizer Annie Kidd Matsov stated that turnout was much higher than expected.[23]
	Soldotna[16]		200–322	Participants started at the library and marched along part of the Kenai Spur Highway that looped back to the library. The march was followed by a community gathering in the library.[34]
	Talkeetna[16]		80[13]
	Unalakleet		38[12]	Demonstrators marched in the village.[12] The temperature in Unalakleet was −40 degrees Fahrenheit with the wind chill factor.[12]
	Utqiagvik (Barrow)		Dozens[13]
	Valdez[16]		100–140[35]
Arizona	Flagstaff		1,200–2,000[36]	Despite nearly two feet of snow, a biting wind and initial guesses that Flagstaff’s ‘March for Love’ would only attract 200 people, the Flagstaff Police Department estimated that up to 2,000 people attended.
	Green Valley		400[37]	Possibly “the largest rally in Green Valley history”, the rally occupied all four corners and medians at intersection of Esperanza Boulevard and La Canada Drive.[37]
	Phoenix		20,000[36]	The march progressed from the Capitol south to Jefferson, east to 15th Avenue, north to Monroe Street, west to 17th Avenue and back to the Capitol. Speakers at rallies before and after the march included State Rep. Athena Salman (Tempe), U.S. Rep. Ruben Gallego, disability-rights activist Jennifer Longdon, who noted that moments after Trump was sworn in as the 45th president of the United States, the White House website was overhauled to remove pages dedicated to disabilities, civil rights, and LGBT issues, Jodi Liggett, Planned Parenthood‘s vice president of public affairs, and Maricopa County Recorder Adrian Fontes.[36]
	Prescott		1,200[38]	Protesters marched around the Courthouse.[39]
	Tucson		15,000[36][40][41]	The demonstration was peaceful,[36] whith no incidents or arrests reported.[42]
	Yuma		Scheduled[43]	March to be held on February 5 to give time for more local organization.
	Other Arizona towns			Marches were also held in Ajo, Sedona, Jerome, Gold Canyon, and Bisbee.[36]
Arkansas	Bentonville		500+	Participants gathered in the Bentonville square.[44]
	Fayetteville		100+	Hundreds rallied outside of the Washington County Courthouse.[45]
	Little Rock		7,000[46][47]	Protesters marched to the Arkansas State Capitol Building.
California	Albany		500[48]
	Avalon		44[49]
	Berkeley		200–1,000[50]
	Beverly Hills[51]		250–300[citation needed]
	Bishop		580[52]
	Borrego Springs		140–150[citation needed]
	Burbank		300[53]
	Chico		100s (hundreds)	“Hundreds” marched through Downtown Chico.[54]
	Compton			A rally was held in Compton.[55]
	El Centro		100	A rally was held at Cardenas Market.[56]
	Encinitas		50[57]
	Eureka		5,000–8,000[58][59]	Thousands Flood Eureka’s Streets in Solidarity With Women’s March on Washington[58] Thousands Gather for Women’s March on Eureka[59]
	Fairfax		25–60[citation needed]
	Fort Bragg		2,500–2,800[60]
	Fresno		2,000[61]	Protesters gathered at an intersection in North Fresno.[61]
	Gualala[62]		300[63]
	Hemet		100+[64]
	Kings Beach[65]		500–800[66]
	Laguna Beach		100s (hundreds)[67][68]
	Laytonville[69][70]
	Long Beach		200[71]
	Lompoc		300[72][73]
	Los Angeles		750,000	The Los Angeles Police Department stated that “well past” 100,000 people attended the march, but did not attempt to make a more specific estimate. Officials stated that the march was the largest in Los Angeles since a 2006 immigration march attended by 500,000 people.[74]The Los Angeles Daily News reported that 750,000 people were in the crowd.[75] Organizers also said that 750,000 people had participated in the march.[76]
	Modesto		1,000[77]	The march was planned less than a week in advance, and drew a crowd of nearly 1,000 people.[78]
	Monterey Bay		1,500[79]
	Mt. Shasta		400[80]
	Napa		3,000+[81]	Protesters lined up roads in downtown Napa.
	Nevada City		100[82]
	Oakhurst		200[61]	Protesters lined the road to Yosemite National Park from Oakhurst, near Madera, California.
	Oakland		100,000[83]
	Ontario		200[84]
	Palm Desert		< 1,000[85]	Merged with the Palm Springs Women’s March.[86]
	Palmdale		24[87]
	Pasadena		500+[88]
	Redding		300[89]
	Redondo Beach		1,800[90]
	Redwood City		5,000	The rally was “inspired by and held in solidarity with” Saturday’s Women’s March on Washington, organizers said. Joan Baez performed and Rep. Anna Eshoo, D-Menlo Park, and state Sen. Jerry Hill, D-San Mateo spoke.[91]
	Ridgecrest		180–200[92]
	Riverside		4,000	Thousands marched along the Downtown Main Street Mall.[93][94]
	Sacramento		20,000[95]	20,000 Marched from Southside Park to the California State Capitol.
	San Bernardino		80[96]
	San Clemente		100s (hundreds)[97]	One organizer said that 652 had attended.[97]
	San Diego		40,000–50,000	Two marches were held. One march in downtown San Diego had an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 attend, and another in neighboring San Marcos, California had an estimated 10,000 attend.[98][99] A march with 50 senior citizens took place at the Seacrest Village retirement center.[100]
	San Francisco		100,000–150,000[101][102]	The rally was held at Civic Center Plaza, where San Francisco City Hall was lit pink in observance of the protest.[103]Performer and activist Joan Baez serenaded the crowd with “We Shall Overcome” in Spanish.[104]
	San Jose		25,000[105][106][103]
	San Luis Obispo		7,000–10,000[107]	Protesters marched through downtown.[108]
	San Marcos		3,000–10,000[109][99]
	Santa Ana		20,000–25,000[110][68]
	Santa Barbara		6,000	More than 6,000 protestors rallied in De La Guerra Plaza. Both women and men participated.[111][112]
	Santa Cruz		15,000+[113]	Several people commented that it was the largest march in Santa Cruz history.[114]
	Santa Rosa		5,000	People marched through downtown Santa Rosa. Former representative Lynn Woolsey and Representative Jared Huffman spoke.[115]
	Seaside		1,500–2,000[79]
	Sonoma		3,000	Marchers proceeded around the historic Sonoma Plaza, blocking traffic for over an hour.[116]
	South Lake Tahoe		500–700	Marched from the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Stateline, Nevada to South Lake Tahoe Senior Center.[117][118]
	Ukiah		2,000	Attendees gathered at Alex R. Thomas Jr. Plaza. Joelle Schultz, director of Ukiah’s Planned Parenthood, address the crowd along with local activists.[119]
	Vallejo		40	Protesters marched from the Vallejo Ferry Building to City Hall.[120]
	Ventura		2,500[121][122]
	Visalia		500[123]	A demonstration occurred at Blain Park.[61]
	Walnut Creek		10,000[124]	Streets were closed as thousands marched in downtown Walnut Creek. Speakers included Nancy Skinner, Eric Swalwell, Steve Glazer and Mark DeSaulnier.[124]
	Watsonville		300–500[citation needed]
	Willits		60[69]
Yucca Valley		100[125]
Colorado	Alamosa[126]		350[citation needed]
	Aspen		500[127]–1,000[128]	Protesters marched to Wagner Park.[129]
	Carbondale		200–300[130]
	Colorado Springs		7,000[131]	People marched through downtown Colorado Springs.[131]
	Cortez		400–504[132]
	Crested Butte[133]		350–400[134]
	Denver		100,000–200,000[135]	A protest occurred at the Civic Center.[135]
	Durango		100s (hundreds)[136]
	Glenwood Springs[137]		100[citation needed]	“In Colorado, thousands attended a march in Denver, including at least two busloads of women from the Roaring Fork Valley; 200-300 men and women marched in Carbondale; others marched in Glenwood Springs.”[138]
	Grand Junction		1,000[139]
	Lafayette		66–112[citation needed]
	Ridgway		50[citation needed]
	Silverton		33[citation needed]
	Steamboat Springs		1,000	Protesters started marching at Bud Werner Memorial Library and ended at Third Street. A rally was then held at the Routt County Courthouse.[140]
	Telluride[141]		200–1,000[49]	Olympic skier Gus Kenworthy noted that half the residents of the town participated.[49]
Connecticut	East Haddam		100–500	Hundreds rallied in East Haddam, near New London, Connecticut.[142]
	Hartford		10,000	The march had the support of Governor Dannel Malloy.[143][144]
	New Haven		200[145]
	Old Saybrook[146]		1,000	Participants marched down Main Street and gathered in front of Town Hall.[147][148]
	Salisbury		500[149]
	Stamford		5,000	People marched peacefully in Stamford, Connecticut, after a rally in the Mill River Park.[150]The protesters marched around the city blocks surrounding the Trump Parc Stamford building, a building owned by the Trump Organization,[151] in a display of resistance to President Donald Trump’s policies. The number of demonstrators was reportedly four times larger than organizers expected.[150]
Delaware	Lewes		250+	People walked along Lewes Beach in Cape Henlopen State Park in solidarity.[152]
	Newark		1,000	People participated in a 2.4-mile march.[153]
Florida
	Boca Raton		120	A “Stand up for American Values” rally organized by the local Democratic club was held at the corner of Glades Road and St. Andrews Boulevard.[154]
	Daytona Beach		100s (hundreds)	A few hundred protesters assembled at a bandstand in town and sang Give Peace a Chance.[155]
	Fernandina Beach		1,000–1,300[156]	The local newspaper gave a “rough estimate” of 1,000 attendees at the downtown march, while the Fernandina Beach police chief estimated 1,300.[156][157] The Fernandina Beach News-Leader wrote that the rally “may have been the largest number of people to participate in a march on Amelia Island since federal troops invaded in March 1862.”[156]
	Gainesville		1,500	People rallied along Newberry Road.[158]
	Jacksonville		2,000–3,000[159]	Thousands marched through the streets to the Jacksonville Landing.[160]
	Key West		3,200	Crowds marched down Duval Street to Mallory Square. Marion County Commissioner Heather Carruthers spoke at the event and organizer Jamie Mattingly led the crowds in a rendition of John Lennon’s Imagine.[161][162]
	Melbourne		500	A demonstration was held on the Eau Gallie Causeway[163]
	Miami Beach[citation needed]
	Miami		10,000+	The demonstration at Bayfront Park in Miami, Florida reached capacity of more than 10,000 and demonstrators began flooding the streets.[164][165]
	Naples		2,500	Protesters gathered at Cambier Park and then marched through the streets.[166]
	New Smyrna Beach		1,000	Protesters marched across the North Causeway.[155]
	Ocala		300[167]	Rally at the downtown square
	Orlando		1,000s (thousands)[168]	The demonstration was held at Lake Eola Park, in Downtown.[168]
	Panama City		500[169]	A rally was held at McKenzie Park, followed by a protest march down Harrison Avenue.
	Pensacola		2,000[170]	A demonstration was held at the Plaza de Luna.
	Sarasota		10,000	Author Stephen King participated in the march.[171]
	St. Augustine		2,000+[172]	Marchers walked across Bridge of Lions and a rally was held in the Plaza de la Constitucion.[173]
	St. Petersburg		20,000+	Over 20,000 people marched in downtown St. Petersburg, making it the largest demonstration in the city’s history.[174][175]
	Tallahassee		14,000+[176]	Over 14,000 people of the capital’s communities showed up to protest. Despite forecasts for heavy rain, the crowd poured into the Railroad Square Arts location before marching up the road to the Florida A&M University Recreation center. Most of the protesters turned out for the march, and due to the small indoor venue, less than a tenth of those attending were able to view the speakers rally. This may be the largest protest in Florida’s capitol history.
	West Palm Beach		5,000–7,000[177][178]	The event was at the Meyer Amphitheatre.[154]
Georgia	Athens		700[179]	A rally was held at the Classic Center venue near the Athena statue.
	Atlanta		60,000[180]	John Lewis attended the Atlanta rally, which saw more than 60,000 march to the Georgia State Capitol.[180]
	Augusta		600[181]
	Savannah		1,000+	Hundreds of protesters converged upon Johnson and Wright Squares.[182]
	Statesboro		200	A march on at Georgia Southern University drew around 200 participants, who marched from Sweetheart Circle to the Rotunda, where they then held a rally.[183]
	Zebulon		35	“The 35 folks who braved a storm in Zebulon, Georgia.”[184]
Guam	Hagåtña		100+	Participants marched in the Fanohge Famalao’an: Guåhan March in solidarity.[185]
Hawaii	Hilo		1,500–2,000[186]
	Honolulu (Oahu)		3,000–8,000[187][188]	Thousands of people marched.[189]
	Kahului		1,500–2,000[190][191]	The march was assembled at University of Hawaii Maui College.[192]
	Kawaihae		50[193]
	Kona		3,000–3,500[194]
	Lihue (Kauai)		1,500[195][196]
Idaho	Boise		5,000[197]	The march took place in initially heavy snow that turned to rain.
	Driggs		1,000+[198][199]
	Idaho Falls		500[200]
	Ketchum		1,150+[201]
	Moscow		2,500+	Titled “Women’s March on the Palouse“, the event was centered in Moscow, ID near Washington State University and University of Idaho. The march started at Moscow City Hall and ended at East City Park.[202]
	Pocatello		1,000–1,200[203][204]
	Sandpoint		800–1,000[205]
	Stanley		30[206]
Illinois	Carbondale		800–1,000[207][208]
	Champaign-Urbana		5,000[209]	5,000 people gathered at West Side Park in downtown Champaign.
	Chicago		250,000[210]	Organizers for the sister march in Chicago, Illinois, initially prepared for a crowd of 22,000.[211] An estimated 250,000 protesters[212] gathered in Grant Park for an initial rally to be followed by a march, with attendance far more than expected.[213] As a result, the official march was cancelled, although marchers then flooded the streets of the Chicago Loop.[214] Liz Radford, an organizer, informed the crowd, “We called, and you came. We have flooded the march route. We have flooded Chicago.”[213]
	Elgin		200–1,000
	Galesburg		100–500[215]
	Maryville		40–50[citation needed]
	Peoria		1,500–2,000[216][217][218]	The rally was held from 10 am to noon at the Gateway Building.[219] Among the speakers were state representative Jehan Gordon-Booth. A follow-up Facebook group was formed to maintain organization for future rallies.[217]
	Rockford		1,000[220]	Rally in Downtown.
	Springfield		1,000+[221]	Dick Durbin spoke to the rally at the Old State Capitol.
Indiana	Evansville		200+	Hundreds gathered at the Four Freedoms Monument along the downtown waterfront on January 20.[222][223]
	Fort Wayne		1,000	An estimated 1,000 people rallied in the Allen County Courthouse Square Saturday afternoon to support women’s rights, celebrate diversity and send a message to the White House.[224]
	Indianapolis		4,500–5,000[225]	The protest at the Indiana State Capitol[226] is the largest rally in recent memory.[227]
	Lafayette		800[228]	An estimated 800 people rallied at the Tippecanoe County Courthouse.[229]
	Paoli		67	Photo showing 67 participants, but no number stated.[230]
	South Bend		1,000+[231][232]
	St. Mary of the Woods[233]		200	“More than 200 people from Terre Haute and beyond attended the one-hour event.”[234]
	Terre Haute		200	Around 200 people protested, first at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College, then at the Vigo County Courthouse, and then by a march through Downtown Terre Haute.[235]
	Valparaiso		260–500[236]
Iowa	Bettendorf		100s (hundreds)	Several hundred people from around the Quad Cities region participated.[237] The crowd overflowed onto the lawn of the United Steelworkers local where the rally was held.[238]
	Decorah		800–1,000[239]	Protesters marched to the Winneshiek County Courthouse.
	Des Moines		26,000[240]	The march near the Iowa State Capitol included women, men and children supporting women’s rights and healthcare, environmental issues, and immigration[240]
	Dubuque		400[241]
	Iowa City		1,000[242]	Over a thousand people marched a half-mile to the Old Capitol Building, where State Rep. Mary Mascher, D-Iowa City addressed the crowd.
Kansas	Topeka		4,200[243][244]
	Wichita		3,000	Protesters marched to City Hall.[245]
Kentucky	Lexington		5,000[246]
	Louisville		5,000[247]	People showed up at Louisville’s Metro Hall for The Rally To Move Forward in Louisville, Kentucky.[247] Congressman John Yarmuth from Louisville was scheduled to speak.[248]
	Murray		700[249]
	Pikeville		100[250]
Louisiana	Monroe			A march was held through downtown Monroe.[251]
	New Orleans		10,000–15,000[252]
	Shreveport		100s (hundreds)	Hundreds of people marched around the Caddo Parish Courthouse in Shreveport to demonstrate their solidarity with the Women’s March on Washington.[253]
Maine	Augusta		10,000+[254]	There were 5,000 people registered to attend the rally in Augusta. In fact, 10,000 people attended, making this the largest Women’s March in the state. The crowd assembled for speeches at the State House.[255]
	Brunswick		300[256]
	Eastport[257]		111[258]	“Over 100 people from 13 communities walked in the march in Eastport, which started in front of the schools at 10 a.m. and ended at the Fish Pier parking lot.”[258]
	Ellsworth		60[citation needed]
	Gouldsboro[259]		25–45[citation needed]
	Fort Kent[259]			“Another sister march in Portland drew 10,000 marchers, with smaller demonstrations taking place in Brunswick, Sanford, Tenants Harbor, Vinalhaven, Kennebunk, Ellsworth, Eastport, Lubec, Gouldsboro and Fort Kent.”[259]
	Kennebunk[257]		100s (hundreds)[260]
	Lubec[259]		100s (hundreds) [258]
	Monhegan Island		22[citation needed]
	Portland		10,000+	People marched in one of the largest protest marches ever held in Portland and drew far more people than expected. Portland police said the size of the orderly protest crowd was “of historic proportions”.[261]
	Sanford[262]
	Surry[257]
	Tenants Harbor[259]		50-60[263]
	Vinalhaven[257]		76–100
Maryland	Accident		54[264]
	Annapolis		1,600[265]	People marched along Main Street to the Maryland State House in Maryland’s capital city.[266]
	Baltimore		5,000[267]	A sister women’s march took place outside of Johns Hopkins University in North Baltimore. Notable figures included former Maryland Senator Paul Sarbanes and State’s Attorney for Baltimore Marilyn Mosby.[268]Additional marchers en route to Washington, D.C., were lined up around the block at Pennsylvania Station waiting for MARC express trains to Union Station.
	Frederick		1,000[269]	Protestors began marching at Market and Patrick Streets to Carroll Creek Park in Downtown Frederick.[269]
	Ocean City		100s (hundreds)	Hundreds of protesters marched along the boardwalk to the Division Street Plaza.[270][271]
	St. Mary’s City		10[citation needed]
Massachusetts	Boston		150,000–175,000[272][273][274]	A women’s march took place at the Boston Common in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. United States Senators Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey spoke to the crowd.[275] An estimated 150,000[274] to 175,000[276]people attended.
	Falmouth		1,000
	Greenfield		2,000+[277]
	Martha’s Vineyard		100[278]
	Nantucket		400[279]
	Northampton		1,000+[280]	Over a thousand people marched through downtown Northampton, ending with a peaceful demonstration at Pulaski Park where various local activists gave speeches.
	Pittsfield		1,640[281]	More than double the number of people that organizer’s expected came to the Colonial Theatre in Pittsfield to protest and watch the coverage of the Washington, D.C., march. The event concluded with a staged reading of monologues responding to the election and cultural climate.
	Provincetown		300+[282][283]	Hundreds marched at the tip of Cape Cod to the MacMillan Pier in Provincetown Harbor.
	Wellfleet		113[citation needed]	Pictures of the march from participants’ Facebook pages, but number of marchers not stated.[284]
	Worcester		Low turnout[285]
Michigan	Adrian		130–150[286]
	Ann Arbor		11,000	Protesters rallied in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and attended a speech afterwards by U.S. Representative Debbie Dingell (pictured) on the University of Michigan campus.[287]
	Brighton		300	300 rallied at Brighton Mill Pond.[288]
	Clare[289]		24
	Detroit		4,000	People protested at the campus of Wayne State University in Midtown Detroit.[290][291]
	Douglas–Saugatuck		1,200–2,500[292]
	Grand Rapids		100s (hundreds)	People gathered for a rally at the Fountain Street Church before marching through Downtown to the Rosa Parks Circle.[293]
	Grosse Pointe		1,143–1,300
	Houghton		500+	People participated in a march across the Portage Lake Lift Bridge between Houghton and Hancock in Michigan’s largely conservative Upper Peninsula.[294]
	Kalamazoo		1,000+	The march proceeded from WMU’s campus along West Michigan Avenue to the Kalamazoo Mall downtown.[295]
	Lansing		10,000	Thousands gathered at the Michigan State Capitol in solidarity of all groups who have been marginalized by the actions of the man now leading this country.
	Marquette		200–800[296][297]
	Midland		400	A bus carrying a third of the Tri-Cities‘ Washington, D.C.-bound marchers experienced mechanical problems, which increased the attendance at the downtown Midland protest.[298]
	Sault Ste Marie		40[299]
	Tecumseh		35
	Traverse City		3,000[300]
	Ypsilanti[301]		1,500[302]
Minnesota	Bemidji		250–500[303]
	Cambridge		22[citation needed]
	Duluth		100s (hundreds)	People marched through the Skywalk System in Downtown Duluth, filling it from one end to the other.[304]
	Ely		50[305]
	Grand Marais		100[citation needed]
	Longville		67 [303]
	Mankato		50[303]
	Minneapolis		100s (hundreds)[306]	January 20
	Morris		250	A 30-minute march took place around downtown Morris, centralized around the Stevens County Courthouse.[307]
	Rochester		600–1,000	A protest was held at Silver Lake.[308]
	St. Cloud		40	A rally was held at Lake George on January 20, followed by a protest march down Minnesota Highway 23.[309]
	St. Paul		90,000–100,000[310]	People marched to the Minnesota State Capitol from various parts of the city. A spokesman for the St. Paul Police stated it was the largest protest in the city since the 2008 Republican National Convention.[311]
Mississippi	Gulfport		300+	More than 300 people showed up at Cafe Climb on Saturday to take part in the Gulf Coast Sisters Solidarity Rally to support the Women’s March on Washington[312]
	Hattiesburg[313]
	Jackson		1,000	People marched from the Mississippi State Capitol to the Governor’s Mansion.[314]
	Oxford		450	On the Courthouse Square, attendees built an “action wall” of followup actions.[315]
Missouri	Columbia		2,000	Participants marched from Courthouse Plaza through downtown.
	Kansas City		10,000[316]	The demonstration was held at Washington Square Park in downtown Kansas City.[316]
	Springfield		2,000+	People marched to Park Central Square in downtown Springfield. The parade made its way from the parking lot at Springfield’s municipal court building, across the Martin Luther King Jr. Bridge and over to Park Central Square where several speakers addressed the crowd. The rally touched on political issues in addition to women’s rights. One speaker, Bethany Johnson, a transgender woman, spoke and drew some of the loudest cheers. She also mentioned the 2015 vote that repealed the city’s ordinance banning LGBT discrimination in the workplace. Johnson banged the podium and called on the marchers to contact their politicians.[317]
	St. Louis		13,000	People marched peacefully in downtown St. Louis from Union Station to a rally at Luther Ely Smith Square.[318]
Montana	Bozeman[citation needed]		13[citation needed]
	Helena		10,000[319]	People marched through the city and around the Montana State Capitol.[320][321]
	Missoula		80–110[322]
Nebraska	Lincoln		2,000–3,000[323]	Approximately 2,000 to 3,000 people gathered outside the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Student Union. 40 members of the fraternity Phi Gamma Delta held a counter protest by waving Trump flags off their balcony.
	Loup City		125+[324]	More than 125 people gathered in the town of Loup City, where the town has a total population of just over 1,000 residents.
	Omaha		12,000–14,000[325]
Nevada	Las Vegas		5,000+[326]	People marched from East Fremont Street, south on Las Vegas Boulevard to outside the Lloyd D. George Federal District Courthouse.[327]
	Reno		10,000[326]	Protesters marched in Reno, Nevada.[328]
	Stateline		500[329]
New Hampshire	Concord		1,000+[330]	More than a thousand marches attended the New Hampshire Women’s Day of Action and Unity rally in front of the New Hampshire State House. U.S. Senator Jeanne Shaheen and others spoke.[330]
	Francestown		134[331][332]
	Jackson		300
	Keene		300[333]
	Lancaster		400[334]
	Portsmouth		3,000–5,000[335]
	Wilton		100–125[citation needed]
New Jersey	Asbury Park		6,000	Protesters marched in Asbury Park, New Jersey.[336]Singer/songwiter Patti Scialfa attended the march as did U.S. Rep. Frank Pallone.[337]
	Leonia		250[338]
	Mt. Laurel		20[339]
	Pequannock Township/Pompton Plains		800–1,000[339][340][341]
	Red Bank		200[342]
	Sicklerville		200	About 200 people attended a local women’s march in Sicklerville, Camden County, on Saturday, Jan. 21, 2017.[343]
	South Orange		200[344]
	Trenton		6,000–7,500	Protesters marched from an overflowing rally in and around the Trenton War Memorial auditorium to another rally outside the State House.[345][346][347]
	Westfield		1000s (thousands)	Protesters marched in Westfield.[348]
	Wyckoff		300–500[338][339]
New Mexico	Albuquerque		10,000	Protesters rallied at the Civic Plaza.[349][350]
	Deming		45–50[351]
	Las Cruces		1,500	More than 20 groups were involved in the march, which brought out 1,500[352] concerned residents.[353]
	Santa Fe		10,000–15,000[354]	Thousands of Santa Feans and other northern New Mexicans marched and held signs in a rally that surrounded the Roundhouse.[355]
New York	Albany		7,000+	A crowd of 7,000 exceeded the initial prediction of 2,000.[356]
	Binghamton		3,000	The march was held downtown and exceeded initial estimates for the event.[357]
	Buffalo		2,500–3,000	A march in Niagara Square drew demonstrators and local politicians.[358]
	Canton		135[359]
	Cobleskill		350	Participants gathered on Main Street, then moved to Centre Park.[360]
	Cooperstown		200[361]
	Delhi		50–120[citation needed]
	Fredonia		70[362]
	Glens Falls		1,500[363]
	Hudson		2,000–3,000[364]
	Ithaca		10,000	The demonstration began and ended on the Ithaca Commons.[365]
	Lewis County		147–325[citation needed]
	New York City		400,000	In Manhattan, hundreds of thousands marched. The rally began at Trump World Tower and One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza (near the Headquarters of the United Nations) and the march proceeded to Trump Tower, Trump’s home.[366][367]The Office of the Mayor of New York City announced that the number of attendees was over 400,000.[368][369]
	Oneonta		500[361]
	Plattsburgh		200[370]
	Port Jefferson		2,000[371]
	Port Jervis		350–500[372]
	Poughkeepsie		5,000	The march took place on the Walkway over the Hudson.[373]
	Rochester		1,000–2,000	The protests were mostly peaceful, but 7 people were arrested for punching a photographer covering the event, and for disrupting the peaceful protests.[374]
	Sag Harbor		250[375]
	Seneca Falls		10,000	The event started at the Women’s Rights National Historical Park, the Seneca Falls Convention, an early convention on women’s rights in 1848.[376]
	Syracuse		2,000	Over 2,000 people gathered at the James Hanley Federal Building.[377]
	Utica		100+	Over 100 people gathered in front of Mohawk Valley Community College and the Utica State Office Building to join in the march.[378][379][380]
	Watertown		250[381]
	Woodstock		1,000	The march ran from the Andy Lee Field parking lot down Rock City Road to Mill Hill Road.[382]
North Carolina	Asheville		7,000–10,000[383]	A women’s march took place in downtown Asheville, North Carolina. The march began at Park Square and then moved throughout downtown Asheville. Estimated attendance is between 7,000 and 10,000 people making it the largest assembly in Asheville since 2013.[384]
	Black Mountain		100s (hundreds)[385]	The group marched downtown, from the town square to St. James Episcopal Church.[385]
	Charlotte		25,000[386]	Lasting from 10 a.m. to noon, attendance was ten times what had been expected, according to event organizers.[387] Some participants came from surrounding communities, including Concord, Rock Hill and Indian Trail. Attendees included Mayor Jennifer Roberts, U.S. Rep. Alma Adams (D-Charlotte) and state Senator Jeff Jackson (D-Mecklenburg). According to the CMPD, the march was peaceful, with no arrests or disturbances reported.[388]
	Greensboro		3,000–6,000	Downtown Greensboro[389]
	Hillsborough			There was a rally in Hillsborough.[390]
	Mooresville		70[391]
	Morganton		500	People marched down Union Street to the Burke County Courthouse.[392]
	New Bern		600[393]
	Raleigh		17,000	People demonstrated peacefully at the Raleigh Women’s March. U.S. Representative David Price also attended.[394]
	Wilmington		3,000[395]	A Women’s March on Washington sister event was held in Wilmington, NC. Taking place at the intersection of Third and Princess streets, the rally began at 10 am and was attended by between 1,000 and 1,500 participants.[396]
	Winston-Salem			A march was planned from the Parkway United Church of Christ.[397]
North Dakota	Bismarck		500[398]
	Fargo		< 3,000[399]
	Grand Forks		304[400]
Ohio	Chillicothe		1,000	Protesters gathered at the Ross County Courthouse and then marched to Yoctangee Park.[401]
	Cincinnati		7,000+[402]	The Women’s March started at noon at Washington Park, and after representatives from several civic groups spoke, the march started towards City Hall, and back to Washington Park.[403]
	Cleveland		15,000	Protesters gathered at Public Square and then marched through Downtown.[404]
	Columbus		3,000	Protesters gathered at the Ohio State House.[405]
	Dayton		3,000	Protesters rallied at the Courthouse Square.[406]
	Kent		100[citation needed]
	Lakeside		300[407]
	Mount Vernon		20–30[citation needed]
	Toledo		100s (hundreds)	“Several hundred” marched across the Martin Luther King Bridge.[408]
	Troy		150–200[409]
	Wooster		500–1,000[410]
	Yellow Springs		250[411]
Oklahoma	Oklahoma City		12,000+	Demonstrations were held in front of the Oklahoma State Capitol.[412]
	Tulsa		1,000	A rally was held at the John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park.[413]
Oregon	Ashland		8,000[414]	Ashland police estimated 8,000 participants in the Ashland Women’s March.[414][415]
	Astoria		100–1,000[416]
	Bandon		65[417]	Women’s Peace March held Friday, January 20, 2017.[417]
	Bend		5,000[418]	A rally was held at Drake Park followed by a rally through Downtown.[419]
	Brookings[414]		275[420]
	Burns[414]		20[citation needed]
	Coos Bay		200[421]
	Corvallis[422]		100s (hundreds)[422]
	Eugene		7,000+	7,000 participate in women’s March in Eugene.[423]
	Florence[414]		250–350[424]
	Halfway		31[citation needed]
	Hood River		200[425]
	Joseph[414]		300[426]
	Klamath Falls		200[427][428]
	La Grande[414]		400[429]
	McMinnville		700[430]	Photos of march.[431]
	Newport[414]		1,500[432]
	Pendleton[414]		425[433]
	Port Orford		280–300[434][420]
	Portland		100,000	People attended the Women’s March on Portland.[435]
	Salem		2,000	Governor Kate Brown participated in the march.[436]
	Sandy[414]
	Tillamook[414]		300[437]
	Welches[414]
Pennsylvania	Beaver		100–130[citation needed]
	Bethlehem		500[438]
	Bloomsburg		40–60
	Doylestown		2,000[439]	Organizers began planning 6 days before originally anticipating 300 or less attendees.
	Erie		2,500[440]	A demonstration was held in Penn Square.
	Harrisburg		1,100[441]	Protesters marched from Kunkle Plaza to the Pennsylvania State Capitol.
	Indiana		100–200[442]
	Lancaster		100s (hundreds)[443]	Crowd gathered in Penn Square
	Lewisburg		150–200[citation needed]
	Philadelphia		50,000[444][445]	The event included an actual march from Logan Square to Eakins Oval, and a rally at Eakins Oval.[446]
	Pittsburgh		25,000[447]	Marched through the city to Market Square.
	Reading		100s (hundreds)[448]	Demonstration in City Park
	Riegelsville		170[449]
	Selinsgrove		120[450]	Demonstration at the Selinsgrove Post Office for the Central Susquehanna Valley Region.
	Sharon		700[451]
	State College		300–500	“The rally (at the Allen Street gates) attracted a couple hundred people.”[452]
	West Chester		150–200[453]
Puerto Rico[454]	Mayaguez[citation needed]
	San Juan[citation needed]
	Santurce[citation needed]
	Vieques		200[455]
Rhode Island	Providence		5,000	The R.I. Women’s Solidarity Rally was held on the Rhode Island State House lawn. Governor Gina Raimondo participated.[456][457] Young people from Classical High School spoke to the crowd.
South Carolina	Beaufort			An impromptu meeting dubbed “Cookies and Concerns” occurred at a pavilion in the Henry C. Chambers Waterfront Park where participants had unstructured discussions on current events and issues and were asked to bring cookies to donate to local charities.[458]
	Charleston		2,000+	The Charleston Women’s March began as a convey from nine parking garages downtown and converged at Brittlebank Park at noon. More than 2,000 attended this peaceful rally.[459]
	Clemson		500	The marchers followed a route from the Littlejohn Community Center down State 93 to the Strom Thurmond theater on the Clemson University campus.[460]
	Columbia		2,000–3,000	“Stand Up” rally for women’s rights and social issues attended by 2,000–3,000 was held in Columbia, South Carolina. The participants gathered at the South Carolina State House grounds and marched to the Music Farm.[461]
	Greenville		2,000	A peaceful rally was held at the Falls Park amphitheater in Greenville from noon until 2 pm. Attendance was estimated at 2,000.[460]
South Dakota	Pierre		130[462]	Rally in state capital[463]
	Rapid City		1,000[464]
	Sioux Falls		3,300[465]
	Vermillion		500+	Participants marched along Main Street to the Courthouse.[466]
Tennessee	Chattanooga		3,000[467]
	Jonesborough		1,000	The Tri-Cities’ rally was held at the Washington County Courthouse.[468]
	Knoxville		2,000	An assembly was held in Market Square.[469]
	Memphis		9,000+[470]	Marchers gathered at the Judge D’Army Bailey Courthouse and marched 1.2 miles to the National Civil Rights Museum.
	Murfreesboro[citation needed]
	Nashville		15,000+[471]	Participants marched about one mile (1.6 km) through downtown Nashville. The march started at Cumberland Park near Nissan Stadium, crossed the Cumberland River on the John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge, and ended at Public Square.[471]
	Oak Ridge		450–550[citation needed]	Protests were hosted by the Oak Ridge Unitarian Universalist Church.[472]
Texas	Abilene		200[473]	Protesters rallied outside of the Abilene City Hall.
	Alpine		96 [49]
	Amarillo		500[474]	Protesters marched from Ellwood Park to the Potter County Courthouse and back.
	Austin		40,000–50,000[475]	The crowd gathered at the Texas State Capitol and marched through the streets of downtown Austin for the Women’s March on Austin. The Austin Police Department estimated that the crowd was about 40,000 to 50,000, becoming the largest march in Texas history.[476][477][478][479]
	Beaumont		200[480]	Protesters from the Golden Triangle marched for an hour.
	Brownsville		300[481]
	College Station		50	Dozens marched through the campus of Texas A&M University.[482]
	Corpus Christi		24+	Dozens rallied at the Corpus Christi Federal Courthouse.[483]
	Dallas		3,000–7,000,[484]10,000[485]	Marchers gathered at City Hall and marched through downtown, Deep Ellum and East Dallas.[484]
	Denton		2,500[486]	A United Denton organized the Women’s March to be held in Denton, Texas. The downtown square was packed by 12:30 pm.[485]
	Eagle Pass		60[487]
	El Paso		1,000[488]	The march ran from Armijo Park in El Segundo Barrio to San Jacinto Plaza in Downtown.
	Fort Worth		5,000–9,000[489]	The march began at the Tarrant County Courthouse and moved down Main and back up Houston Street. This was a Unity march that organizers say gives voice to people from “every cross-section of culture”.[490][491][492]
	Houston		22,000[493]	Starting at the Sabine Street Bridge, protesters marched through downtown to Houston City Hall.[493][494] Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner spoke out during the event.[495]
	Lubbock		350	Protesters gathered on the southwest corner of 19th Street and University, at the Timothy Cole statue.[496]
	Marfa		80[497]
	Midland		50[498]	The march was held near Midland Park Mall.[498][499]
	Nacogdoches		200–300[500]
	San Antonio		1,500	Protesters gathered at San Antonio’s City Hall.[501]
	Wichita Falls		150–200	Protesters marched two miles through Wichita Falls.[502][503]
Utah	Bluff		48[citation needed]
	Kanab		175[504]
	Logan		50[505]
	Moab		250–300[506]
	Ogden		300[507]
	Park City		8,000[508]	Celebrities protested at the Sundance Film Festival against Trump and for women’s rights. One of the messages was “Love Trumps Hate”. Celebrities in attendance included Charlize Theron, Kristen Stewart, John Legend, Kevin Bacon, Chelsea Handler, and Benjamin Bratt. It was supported by Justice Party, Planned Parenthood Association of Utah, Equality Now, Sentry Financial, and other organizations.[509]
	Saint George		1,400[510]	Southern Utah is largely conservative and anything more than a token protest of a few hundred was not expected.[511]
	Salt Lake City[512]		5,700[513]
Vermont	Brattleboro		250[514]
	Killington		51–112[citation needed]
	Montpelier		20,000[370]	Bernie Sanders attended the event.[515]
Virginia	Alexandria		17
	Arlington[citation needed]
	Charlottesville		1,000s (thousands)	“Thousands” rallied at the Ix Art Park.[516]
	Floyd[517]		200[518]
	Norfolk		2,000	Two groups marched separately with similar messages.[519] Both groups eventually joined up to complete the march together.[citation needed]
	Onley		50–70[520][521]
	Richmond		2,000[522]
	Roanoke		4,000[523]	Estimates from crowd higher.[524]
	St. John[citation needed]
	Staunton		100[525]
	Williamsburg		700–1,000[526]
	Winchester		700–1,300[527]
	Woodstock		400[528]
Washington	Anacortes		1,200[529]	Hundreds of men and women took to the sidewalks of downtown Anacortes for a Women’s March focused on equality and unity as night fell on Friday’s Inauguration Day.[529]
	Bellingham		5,000 to 10,000[530]
	Bainbridge Island		12
	Chelan		450[531]
	Eastsound		250[532]
	Ephrata		250[533]	The turnout was three times larger than expected.[533]
	Forks		35[534]
	Friday Harbor		1,500[535]	200 of the marchers were from the neighboring Shaw, Lopez and Orcas Islands.[535]
	Issaquah		56[citation needed]
	Kingston		40[536]	Near Bremerton, Washington, dozens rallied alongside Washington State Route 104.
	Langley		1,000–2,000[537]
	Longview		200[538]
	Mount Vernon		200[539]
	Ocean Shores		150[540]
	Olympia		10,000[541][542]
	Port Angeles		200[543]
	Port Townsend		300[544]
	Richland		1,000	Organizers had originally expected 200 participants.[545]
	Seattle		175,000[546]	The Women’s March on Seattle march took place from Judkins Park to the Space Needle in Seattle, Washington. Participants filled the entire length of the 3.6-mile (5.8 km) route.[547][548]Sound Transit and King County Metro rerouted many bus routes and added additional Link light rail service in anticipation of disruption to the city’s transportation grid.[549]
	Sequim		100	“Organizers estimate more than 100 people attended.”[550]
	Spokane		8,000[551]
	Twisp		800[552]
	Vancouver		150[553]
	Vashon		250[554]	“Risa Stahl…said one unofficial count was 253 people and 22 dogs, much higher than what she expected.”[554]
	Walla Walla		2,000[545]
	Wenatchee		< 2,000[555]
	Yakima		700–1,000	The marchers went from City Hall to a Unitarian Universalist church.[556]
West Virginia	Charleston		3,000[557]
	Fairmont		100[558]
Wisconsin	Appleton		3	Two women in town to audition at Lawrence University joined with a solitary demonstrator at Houdini Plaza.[559]
	Bayfield		400+[560]
	Eau Claire		250[561][562]
	Fort Atkinson		200[563][564]
	Green Bay		200	Protesters marched over the Ray Nitschke Memorial Bridge.[565]
	La Crosse		76–100[citation needed]
	Madison		75,000–100,000[566]	The protest occurred around the Wisconsin State Capitol and along State Street in Madison.[566] Media related to Madison Women’s March at Wikimedia Commons
	Marquette		1,000[567]
	Menomonie		400[568]
	Milwaukee		1,000	Around 1,000 gathered for a march through Milwaukee that ended at a local brewery.[569]
	Plymouth		200[570]
	Sheboygan		300[570]
	Wausau		200+	A supportive march was held in Wausau in rainy weather.[571][572]
Wyoming	Casper		300-1,000[573][574]	Approximately 300–500 people marched through downtown Casper, significantly more than the organizers expectations.
	Cheyenne		1,500–2,000[575]
	Cody		500[576]	Photos of march, but no crowd size stated.
	Jackson Hole		1,000[198]
	Lander		350[577][578]
	Pinedale		150[577][578]
	Rock Springs[579]

Worldwide[edit]

Marches occurred worldwide, with 168 in 81^[9] other countries.^[22] Officials behind the organization reported 673 marches worldwide, with 20 in Mexico and 29 in Canada.^[10]

Country	Locations	Photo	Approximate attendance	Notes
Antarctica	McMurdo Station		95[580]	About 95 of McMurdo Station’s 800 people marched to Hut Point, the site of the hut of the Discovery Expedition under Robert Falcon Scott. Marchers did not carry signs because nearly all poster materials at the station are U.S. Government property.[580]
	Paradise Bay		30[581]	People travelled to Paradise Bay for a “pro-peace, pro-environment” march, highlighting the environmental issues that affect the Antarctica climate they feel is threatened by Trump’s stated policies.[581][582]
Argentina	Buenos Aires[583]		100	People gathered in front of the US embassy in Argentina. The protest was spontaneously organized by an American woman living in Buenos Aires, and joined by many American and Argentinean women and men. Other local political movements also joined, like Las Piqueteras.[584]
Australia	Sydney		8,000–10,000[585]	Protesters gathered in Hyde Park.[585]Some Australian Trump supporters paid a skywriting company $4,000 to write “TRUMP” in the sky during the march.[586]
	Canberra		1,000	Participants gathered in Garema Place.[587]
	Melbourne		5,000[588] to 7,000[589]	People marched in from the State Library of Victoria to Parliament House.[588]
Austria	Vienna		2,000[587]
Belgium	Brussels		2,000	People gathered at the “Muntplein” in central Brussels.
Brazil	Brasília[583]
Canada	Calgary		4,000[590]	More than thirty events were organized across Canada with at least twenty organized in British Columbia alone.[591]Other cities included: Balfour, Bowen Island, Calgary, Castlegar, Charlottetown, Courtenay, Edmonton, Fredericton, Gabriola Island, Grand Forks, Halifax, Hamilton, Kamloops, Kelowna, Kingston, Kootenay Bay, Lethbridge, London, Montreal, Nanaimo, North West River, Orangedale, Ottawa, Prince George, Revelstoke, Roberts Creek, St. Catharines, Saint John, Salmon Arm, Salt Spring Island, Saskatoon, St. John’s, Sutton, Sydney, Timmins,[592] Tofino, Victoria, Winnipeg, and Yellowknife.[593][594][595]Hundreds of Canadians are estimated to have travelled to Washington, D.C., to attend the rally.[596][597] A number of Canadians heading to the United States to attend other protests and rallies were turned away at the Canada–United States border.[598][599] In at least one case border agents went through the individual’s email and Facebook before denying him entry.[598]
	Edmonton		2,000[600]-4,000[601]
	Montreal		5,000[602]
	Ottawa		8,000[593]
	Toronto		60,000[603][604][605][606]
	Vancouver		15,000[607]
	Victoria		2,000[608]
Chile	Santiago[583]
Colombia	Bogotá[583]		150[609]
Costa Rica	San José[583]
Czech Republic	Prague		700[610]	People gathered in Wenceslas Square in freezing weather, mockingly waving portraits of Trump and Russian president Vladimir Putin, as well banners that read “Love Trumps Hate”.[611][612]
Denmark	Copenhagen		5,000[613]	Protesters marched from the US-embassy to the parliament.[613]
Finland	Helsinki		100s (hundreds)[614]	Gathered in Kamppi Square in solidarity to defend women’s rights and the environment. They emphasized that these issues concern all people, not only Americans or women. The organizers’ slogan was “When there’s nothing you can do, you can not just do nothing.” The rally included members of parliament Ozan Yanar, Ville Niinistö, Eva Biaudet, and Paavo Arhinmäki.[614]
France	Auvillar		[615]
	Bordeaux		300
	Montpellier		1500[616]
	Nice		[615]
	Paris		7,000+[617]	There were also protesters for women’s rights in Bordeaux, Marseille, Nice, and Toulouse.[582]
	Strasbourg		500[618]
	Toulouse		700
	Marseille		200
Georgia	Tbilisi[583]
Germany	Berlin, Bonn, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Heidelberg and Munich		3,750+	2,100 in Frankfurt, 600 in Munich, 500 in Berlin, and 800 in Heidelberg[619][620][621][622]
	Hamburg			Given as “Bad Homburg auf der Höhe” on the womensmarch.com/sisters website, but actually at the U.S. Consolate General
Ghana	Accra[583]
Greece	Athens		100–1,000+	Protesters marched in the streets of Athens for human rights, women’s rights, and refugee rights. Large numbers of refugees and children joined the protests. Signs had Anti-fascism and pro-immigrant slogans and chants echoed those around the world in condemning far right agendas and the need for the equality of women. Crowds gathered first at Syntagma Square then marched to the U.S. Embassy in Athens.[582][623][624]
Hungary	Budapest[583]
Hong Kong	Hong Kong[583]		20+	Individual groups banded together in unofficial mini movements across Hong Kong.
Iceland	Reykjavik		200[625]
India	Over 20 cities including Bangalore, Kolkata, and New Delhi			Marched in solidarity against the issue of rape, as well as following the Women’s March itself. The protests and marches also used the hashtag #IWillGoOut.[626][627][628]
Indonesia	Yogyakarta		100s (hundreds)	Women gathered in the city of Yogyakarta to promote peace and women’s rights.[629]
Iraq	Erbil		100s (hundreds)	A group of demonstrators in Iraqi Kurdistan, both locals and expats, met at the Erbil Main Square Citadel on Saturday night to show their support for women’s rights.[630]
Ireland	Galway		250–300	A crowd of around 250 to 300 people gathered in Eyre Square in Galway in the afternoon. Attendees heard calls for a united front to counter the impact of the new US administration.[631]
	Dublin		1000s (thousands)	Thousands gathered to march down O’Connell Street.[632] Though the march was originally planned to conclude with a rally at the General Post Office, crowds became so large it had to be moved to Parnell Square.[633] The march was organized by the Abortion Rights Campaign, Amnesty International Ireland, European Network Against Racism, ROSA,[634] and The Coalition to Repeal the 8th, and supported by groups such as the National Women’s Council of Ireland and the Union of Students in Ireland. Events also took place in Castlebar.[632]
Israel	Tel Aviv		400–500	Protestors gathered outside the U.S. Embassy. The local time accommodated the local Sabbath observance as well as the time zone difference. The majority in attendance were American Israelis, along with immigrants from other Anglophone countries and native Israelis. Chanting in Hebrew and English and holding signs, the protests aimed at Trump also included opposition to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and his government’s policies, particularly the occupation of the Palestinian territories.[635]
Italy	Florence[583]
	Rome		100s (hundreds)	Protesters gathered outside the Pantheon in Rome. Their messages included “Women’s rights are human rights” and “Yes we must”.[582]
Japan	Tokyo		650	Protestors, mostly expats and women, marched in Tokyo’s Hibiya Park, far exceeding the 150 who registered. The event was organized by Erica Summers, a Los Angeles resident who was traveling abroad at the time of the March of Washington, with assistance from Democrats Abroad.[636]
Jordan	Amman		30+	Women held workshops in the city of Amman to promote women’s rights and tolerance.[629]
Kenya	Nairobi		700[637]	Women, men and children from Kenya and around the world marched in Karura Forest[638] to support women’s rights, human rights and social justice, and in solidarity with the nearly 700 other Sister Marches around the world. Marchers mobilized to make demands of the Kenyan government, while also calling on the new US government and governments around the world to reject policies that limit women’s rights.[citation needed] The march was endorsed by a wide range of Kenyan and international civil society organizations including the Amnesty International Kenya, the Centre for Rights Awareness and Education (CREAW), the Coalition for Grassroots Human Rights Defenders, the Coalition on Violence Against Women (COVAW), the Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya, Her Voice Kenya, Human Rights Watch, the Kenya Human Rights Commission, Kenya Sex Worker Alliance (KESWA), Minority Women in Action, the National Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (NGLHRC), and the World March of Women – Kenya Chapter.[citation needed]
Kosovo	Pristina		100s (hundreds)	In Pristina, capital of the largely Muslim former Yugoslav republic of Kosovo, a few hundred protestors, mostly women, joined a protest against the new Trump administration.[582][610]
Latvia	Riga		200[639]	In Riga, the capital of Latvia, approximately 200 people gathered to march from the Polish Gate through the Old Town, ending at the Freedom Monument.[640]
Lebanon	Beirut		30+	A women-led event consisting of dialogue and action workshops was held in Lebanon in lieu of a public rally.[630]
Lithuania	Vilnius		120	Approximately 120 people attended Sister March Vilnius.[641]
Macau	Macau[583]		100	Groups of people gathering around Estrada da Baía de N. Senhora da Esperança in Taipa, Macau.
Malawi	Lilongwe[582]
Mexico	Mexico City		100s (hundreds)[642]	A demonstration was held at the United States Embassy, followed by a large march went from to the Angel of Independence by Mexicans and Americans, who protested against President Trump and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto, who has only a 12% approval rating. They called for gender equality and women’s rights.[582][643]
Myanmar(Burma)	Yangon (Rangoon)		Dozens	Because political circumstances would not permit a march, dozens of people instead attended a “solidarity picnic”.[644]
Netherlands	Amsterdam		3,000[645]
	The Hague		100s (hundreds)[646]	Protestors walked from Maliveld to the US Embassy.[646]
New Zealand	Auckland		2,000	Because of time differences, the first marches held were in New Zealand. Around 300 to 400 protesters reportedly also attended rallies in Christchurch, Dunedin and Invercargill.[647][648]
	Dunedin		400[649]	Dunedin had 400 people eager to march in solidarity with their U.S. sisters.
	Wellington[650]		1,000
Nigeria	Jos			Protesters gathered in Jos, Plateau State and marched to the state’s House of Assembly to demand the passage of a gender equality bill that has been stalled.[651]
Norway	Oslo		2,000	Likewise, hundreds of people marched in Bergen, Trondheim and Tromsø.[652]
Peru	Lima[583]
Philippines	Manila		500+	Marched in front of the US Embassy in Manila. Protest was led by leftist feminist group GABRIELA Women’s Party. Aside from women’s rights issues, the march also protested American imperialist and neoliberal policies.[653][654][655]
Poland	Gdańsk[656]
	Kraków		100	Participants gathered in front of the US Consulate.[657]
	Warsaw[583][658]
Portugal	Lisbon, Porto		500+	Marched next to the embassy of the United States of America.[659] Likewise, marches happened in Porto, Coimbra, Braga and Faro.[660]
Scotland	Edinburgh		2,000[661]	Leah Higgins and Calum Stewart, both 16, organized the Women’s March through social media, invited people to protest against the alleged sexism, racism and homophobia of the newly inaugurated US leader.[662]
Serbia	Belgrade[583]
South Africa	Cape Town		500[663]	Women gathered at Company’s Garden for a solidarity march with the Washington protesters.[664] In addition to questioning Trump’s leadership, one of the messages was “Climate change is a women’s issue”.[582]
	Durban[583]
South Korea	Seoul		1,000	Protesters gathered and marched in the snow.[665]
Spain	Barcelona		700	Approximately 700 protesters gathered in Barcelona.[666]
	Granada		Dozens[667]
	Madrid		50	Protesters gathered at the US Embassy to show international solidarity against Trump’s “homophobic, xenophobic, and racist” policies.[668]
Sweden	Stockholm		1000s (thousands)	Gathered at Norrmalmstorg for a solidarity march.[669]
	Åre		50–60[670]	A protest on cross-country skis took place.[670]
Switzerland	Geneva		3,000	Marched across the Pont du Mont-Blanc bridge and along the Lake Geneva shoreline.[671]
Tanzania	Dar es Salaam		220	The march occurred on Msasani Road and promoted Women’s Health and Safety in Tanzania.[a]
Thailand	Bangkok[583]		Dozens
United Kingdom	London[673]		100,000	Protesters marched 2 miles (3.2 km) in London from Grosvenor Square in Mayfair, past the US embassy and onto Trafalgar Square.[673][582][674] Speakers included Sandi Toksvig and Yvette Cooper.[675]Issues included women’s, workers’, and LGBT rights, as well as Brexit.[582]
	Belfast, Bristol, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Lancaster, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, York and Southampton		1000s (thousands)

Political figures[edit]

U.S. Senator Cory Booker and former U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry attended the Washington march.^[95][96] Anne-Marie Slaughter, president of New America and former Director of Policy Planning at the U.S. State Department, attended the New York City march.^[97] John Lewis attended the Atlanta rally, which saw more than 60,000 march to the Georgia State Capitol.^[98]

Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont delivered a speech at the march in Montpelier in front of the Vermont State House, as did other Vermont political figures, such as former Governor Madeleine Kunin and current Lieutenant Governor David Zuckerman.^[99]

Celebrities[edit]

Celebrities who participated in marches across the United States included:

Signage[edit]

In Richmond, Virginia, attendees of the March on Washington participated in an “Art of Activism” series of workshops at Studio Two Three, a printmaking studio for artists in Scott’s Addition.^[128]

In Los Angeles, Amir Talai was carrying the sign “I’ll see you nice white ladies at the next #blacklivesmatter march right?” to express frustration at the lack of participation by Caucasians in the Black Lives Matter movement, and simultaneously hopeful of encouraging them to do so. The photo of Talai with the sign went viral over the internet.^[129]

Response[edit]

Academics[edit]

While the march aims to create a social movement, Marcia Chatelain of Georgetown University’s Center for Social Justice commented that its success will depend on the marchers’ ability to maintain momentum in the following weeks. “One of the goals of any type of march or any type of visible sign of solidarity is to get inspired, to inspire people to do more. And the question is, at the march, what kind of organizational structures or movements will also be present to help people know how to channel their energy for the next day and for the long haul?”^[130] Historian Michael Kazin also commented on the importance of a long-term strategy: “All successful movements in American history have both inside and outside strategy. If you’re just protesting, and it just stops there, you’re not going to get anything done.”^[130]

In the aftermath of the protest, museum curators around the world sought to gather signs and other cultural artifacts of the marches.^[131]

Following a gag order placed on the Environmental Protection Agency, scientists began to plan their own march on Washington.^{[132][133][134]}

Media[edit]

On January 4, 2017, columnist Shikha Dalmia noted that “Feminists are confusing Trump’s threat with themselves”.^[135]

The New York Post Editorial Board asked if the event might be “cursed”, writing, “The three white feminists who thought up the idea felt obliged to change that title after they faced charges of ‘cultural appropriation'”.^[136]

Us Magazine noted social media posts and a Change.org petition criticizing the march for having left Hillary Clinton’s name off a list of 27 honorees who “paved the way” for equal rights.^[137]

The organizers’ decision to make Angela Davis a featured speaker was criticized from the right by Humberto Fontova^[138]and National Review.^[139] Libertarian journalist Cathy Young wrote that Davis’s “long record of support for political violence in the United States and the worst of human rights abusers abroad” undermined the march.^[140]

Time Magazine honored the Women’s March on the cover of their February 8th issue by featuring a single Pussyhat with the title, Resistance Rises: How a March Becomes a Movement. ^[141]

Politicians[edit]

John Lewis at the Atlanta Women’s March

Many members of the U.S. House of Representatives announced that they would not attend Trump’s inauguration ceremony, with the numbers growing after he made disparaging remarks about veteran House member and civil rights leader John Lewis. Some of them said they would attend the Women’s March.^[142]

Maine Representative Chellie Pingree said she would instead visit a Planned Parenthood center and a business owned by immigrants on Inauguration Day before going to Washington to appear on stage with other politicians who refused to attend. “We need to do everything we can to let the incoming administration know we are not happy about their agenda. I’ve had unprecedented numbers of my constituents calling me worried about healthcare, the environment, public education, and they feel disrespected,” she said.^[143]

On January 22, 2017, Trump wrote on his Twitter personal account: “Watched protests yesterday but was under the impression that we just had an election! Why didn’t these people vote? Celebs hurt cause badly.” Two hours later, he sent a more placatory tweet: “Peaceful protests are a hallmark of our democracy. Even if I don’t always agree, I recognize the rights of people to express their views.”^[144][145] Meanwhile, the Trump administration criticized the March for not welcoming anti-abortion members, and criticized Madonna‘s comment that she “thought an awful lot about blowing up the White House”.^[146]

Senator Bernie Sanders, who attended the March in Montpelier, Vermont,^[147] said Trump should listen to the protesters: “Listen to the needs of women. Listen to the needs of the immigrant community. Listen to the needs of workers. Listen to what’s going on with regards to climate change … Modify your positions. Let’s work together to try to save this planet and protect the middle class.”^[148] Hillary Clinton, the 2016 Democratic presidential candidate, offered her support on Twitter, called the march “awe-inspiring” and stated, “[I] hope it brought joy to others as it did to me”.^[149]

Following a tweet that offended other lawmakers and the public, Bill Kintner resigned from his position as Nebraska State Senator.^[150]

Celebrities[edit]

Musician Bruce Springsteen, who endorsed Hillary Clinton and was a friend to Barack Obama, gave a speech during his concert in Australia, saying “The E Street Band is glad to be here in Western Australia. But we’re a long way from home, and our hearts and spirits are with the hundreds of thousands of women and men that marched yesterday in every city in America and in Melbourne who rallied against hate and division and in support of tolerance, inclusion, reproductive rights, civil rights, racial justice, LGBT rights, the environment, wage equality, gender equality, healthcare, and immigrant rights. We stand with you. We are the new American resistance.”^[151][152]

Cindi Lauper commented on Madonna’s controversial speech at the Washington march saying, “Anger is not better than clarity and humanity, that is what opens people’s minds. When you want to change people’s mind, you have to share your real story.”^[153]

Activists[edit]

Speaking on January 20, Naomi Klein said, “it is significant that it seems that [Donald Trump is] going after programs for violence against women.” She stated she believes that it is important for people to demonstrate their concern about the new administration’s “drive to denigrate women.” She also said that it was important that the women who organized the march included a large number of women of color.^[154]

Follow-up[edit]

Following the march, the organizers of the Women’s March on Washington posted the “10 Actions for the first 100 Days” campaign to keep up the momentum from the march.^[31] The first action includes contacting senators about concerns, with an option of using “Hear Our Voice” postcards.^[155] A new action will be provided every 10 days.^[156]

Filmmaker Michael Moore has called for 100 days of resistance, for Trump’s first 100 days of his presidency.^[157]

Locations[edit]

Main article: List of 2017 Women’s March locations

The 2017 Women’s Marches took place in cities around the world since January 21, 2017, with the goal of promoting women’s rights, immigration reform, and health care reform; to counter Islamophobia, rape culture, and LGBTQ abuse; and to address racial inequities (e.g., Black Lives Matter), workers’ issues, and environmental issues.^[1]

• 

  Atlanta, Georgia^[158]

• 

  Boston, Massachusetts

• 

  Cincinnati, Ohio

• 

  Chicago, Illinois

• 

  Denver, Colorado

• 

  London, England

• 

  Los Angeles, California

• 

  Madison, Wisconsin

• 

  New York City, New York

• 

  Oakland, California

• 

  Paris, France

• 

  Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

• 

  Portland, Oregon

• 

  San Diego, California

• 

  San Francisco, California

• • January 25 – Seven Greenpeace members climbed a construction crane belonging to Clark Construction and displayed a large banner saying “Resist”, blocking traffic and interrupting work on a new office building a half mile from The White House.^[296]

  2017 United States Donald Trump airport protests

  Protesters holding signs outside John F. Kennedy International Airport, Terminal 4

  On January 28, 2017, thousands of people gathered at various airports in the United States to protest President Donald Trump‘s executive order returning refugees and other visitors from select predominantly Muslim countries.^[1] According to various sources, more than 2,000 people were at the protest at John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens, New York City^[2][3] with other protests appearing at significant international airports around the U.S.

  Background[edit]

  Main article: Executive Order “Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States”

  On January 27, President Trump signed an executive order which created a suspension of admissions of all refugees entering the United States for 120 days and an indefinite block for Syrian refugees.^[4] The order also blocks citizens from Iran, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen from entering the U.S. for 90 days.^[4]Green card holders from these countries are also affected.^[5]

  Approximately 27 air passengers coming into airports around the United States were either detained or sent home on January 28.^[5] By January 29, an estimated 375 travelers have been affected by the order.^[6] Two Iraqi detainees were released from the JFK airport and as of 6 pm Eastern Time, 11 detainees remained.^[5] On January 29, there were still two detainees left inside the airport.^[7] One detainee at the JFK airport was Hameed Jhalid Darweesh, who is an Iraqi interpreter for the United States Army.^[8] Darweesh was held for twelve hours without being allowed to see his lawyers.^[9] Two elderly and disabled Iranian citizens with green cards were detained for hours at Washington Dulles International Airport.^[10]President Trump told the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) that Christian refugees will be given priority in terms of refugee status in the United States.^[11]

  Protests[edit]

  The first protest started at New York City’s John F. Kennedy International Airport.^[12] Protests quickly started at other airports nationwide, including Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport,^[13]Los Angeles International Airport (LAX),^[14]Portland International Airport in Oregon,^[15][16]San Francisco International Airport,^[13][17] Seattle’s SeaTac Airport,^[18] and in airports in Indianapolis, Boston, Denver, Albuquerque^[19], Dallas, Hartford,^[20][21]Newark,^[22]Albany, New York, ^[23] and San Diego.^[24] Also planned were Atlanta, Houston, Las Vegas,^[25]Orlando, Greenville and Philadelphia.^[22]

  Protesters were mobilized mainly through the use of social media.^[26]

  Through January 28–29 a large number of protests were held across the nation in opposition to Donald Trump‘s executive order known as Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States.

  United States[edit]

  Alabama[edit]

  • Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport,
  • Huntsville,

  Alaska[edit]

  • Anchorage,

  Arizona[edit]

  • Flagstaff, Pulliam Airport,
  • Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport,

  California[edit]

  

  San Francisco International Airport

  

  Googleplex, Mountain View

  • Fresno Yosemite International Airport,
  • Googleplex (Google headquarters), Mountain View,
  • Los Angeles International Airport,
  • Ontario International Airport,
  • Sacramento International Airport,
  • San Diego International Airport,
  • San Francisco International Airport,
  • San Jose City Hall,

  Connecticut[edit]

  • Bradley International Airport

  Colorado[edit]

  • Denver International Airport

  Florida[edit]

  • Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport,
  • Miami International Airport,
  • Orlando International Airport,
  • Palm Beach International Airport,
  • Pensacola International Airport,

  Georgia[edit]

  • Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport

  Idaho[edit]

  • Boise Airport

  Illinois[edit]

  

  Outside of O’Hare International Airport

  

  O’Hare International Airport

  • Chicago, O’Hare International Airport,
  • Champaign-Urbana, Willard Airport,

  Indiana[edit]

  • Bloomington,
  • Indianapolis International Airport,
  • South Bend,

  Iowa[edit]

  • Cedar Rapids, Eastern Iowa Airport

  Kentucky[edit]

  • Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport,
  • Louisville International Airport,

  Maine[edit]

  • Bangor International Airport,
  • Portland International Jetport,

  Massachusetts[edit]

  

  Copley Square, Boston,

  • Amherst,
  • Boston, Copley Square,
  • Boston, Logan International Airport,
  • Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

  Maryland[edit]

  • Baltimore–Washington International Airport,

  Michigan[edit]

  

  Dearborn, Michigan,

  • Dearborn,
  • Detroit Metropolitan Airport,
  • Grand Rapids,
  • Hamtramck,
  • Traverse City,

  Minnesota[edit]

  • Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport,

  Missouri[edit]

  • Kansas City International Airport,
  • Lambert–St. Louis International Airport,

  Montana[edit]

  • Missoula

  Nebraska[edit]

  • Omaha, Turner Park,

  New Jersey[edit]

  • Newark Liberty International Airport,
  • Jersey City,

  New Mexico[edit]

  • Albuquerque

  New York[edit]

  

  John F. Kennedy International Airport,

  • Albany International Airport,
  • New York City,
    • Brooklyn, Federal District Courthouse,
    • Manhattan, Battery Park,
    • Queens, John F. Kennedy International Airport,
    • Staten Island, Port Richmond,
  • Rochester,

  North Carolina[edit]

  • Charlotte Douglas International Airport,
  • Raleigh-Durham International Airport,

  Ohio[edit]

  • Cleveland Hopkins International Airport
  • John Glenn Columbus International Airport,
  • Dayton, Federal Court Building,
  • Mason, Mason Community Center,

  Oklahoma[edit]

  • Tulsa

  Oregon[edit]

  • Eugene, Federal Courthouse,
  • Portland International Airport,

  Pennsylvania[edit]

  • Philadelphia International Airport,
  • Pittsburgh,

  Rhode Island[edit]

  • Providence, Rhode Island State House,

  South Dakota[edit]

  • Rapid City Regional Airport,

  Tennessee[edit]

  • Knoxville
  • Nashville, outside Senators’ offices^[60]

  Texas[edit]

  • Austin Bergstrom International Airport,
  • Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport,
  • El Paso International Airport,
  • Houston,
    • George Bush Intercontinental Airport,
    • Discovery Green (near Super Bowl LI festivities)^[65]
  • San Antonio, Main Plaza^[66]

  Utah[edit]

  • Salt Lake City International Airport

  Virginia[edit]

  

  Virginia Commonwealth University,

  • Harrisonburg, Court Square,
  • Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University,
  • Washington Dulles International Airport,

  Washington, D.C.[edit]

  

  Protesters Continue Their March in Washington’ video from Voice of America

  • Capitol Hill,
  • Supreme Court,
  • Trump International Hotel,
  • White House,

  Washington[edit]

  

  Seattle–Tacoma International Airport

  • Seattle–Tacoma International Airport^[74]

  International[edit]

  Belgium[edit]

  • Brussels at the Brussels Stock Exchange,

  Canada[edit]

  • Ottawa,
  • Toronto,
  • Vancouver,

  United Kingdom[edit]

  • Cardiff,
  • Edinburgh,
  • Glasgow,
  • London,
  • Manchester,
  • Newcastle,
  • Oxford,
  • Cambridge,
  • Leeds,

  New York City[edit]

  

  ‘Trump Immigration Order Sparks Protests at NY Airport’ report from Voice of America

  The protest started January 28, with a small group^[12] of around thirty people^[27]sometime near 11 a.m. EST.^[28] Protesters gathered in front of Terminal 4, where international arrivals take place.^[8] As advocacy groups, such as the New York Immigration Coalition, called out to protestors on social media, the crowd grew.^[25]The protestors were gathered to denounce Trump’s executive order and to show support for refugees and immigrants.^[29] The demonstration became large enough by sunset that it spread into the parking deck near the terminal.^[12] Demonstrators brought signs, chanted slogans and called the action a “Muslim ban”.^[25] The protesters marched from terminal to terminal.^[30] Throughout the day, state representatives, Nydia Velázquez and Jerry Nadler were present to help constiuents affected by the ban.^[27]

  A companion protest sprang up on Staten Island in the evening, taking place in Port Richmond.^[31] Another protest took place at Battery Park on Sunday. Chelsea Clinton was one of the protesters at that location.^[32] There were several thousand protestors at Battery Park.^[33] Protests continued at the JFK airport on Sunday as well.^[27]

  

  Nydia Velazquez and Jerry Nadler giving a press conference at the protest.

  Other groups involved in the protest included Make the Road New York, Jews for Racial and Economic Justice (JFREJ), Black Latino Asian Caucus members.^[34] The Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was also involved in the protests, having expressed anger that the executive order, which would have harm the prospects of Muslim refugees, was signed on International Holocaust Remembrance Day, and groups of Jews broke Sabbath to join the protests.^[35][36] From 6–7pm, taxi drivers of the New York Taxi Workers Alliance (NYTWA) stopped picking up passengers at the JFK airport in protest of those detained.^[37][38]Uber of New York briefly saw a surge in pricing because of the taxi boycott.^[39] In the evening, the police were turning away anyone without airplane tickets from using the AirTrain.^[12] After 8pm, Governor Andrew Cuomo asked that people be allowed to board the Air Train once again.^[12]

  Late in the evening on January 28, Ann Donnelly, a Federal District court judge in Brooklyn for the Eastern District of New York,^[4] blocked part of the executive order, “providing immediate relief to dozens stranded at airports around the country.”^[40] In the U.S. District Courts in Seattle and Virginia, similar rulings were made.^[40] This emergency stay will allow affected individuals with valid visas to stay in the US.^[41] However, lawyers from the American Civil Liberties Union and Zachary Manfredi from Yale’s Worker and Immigrant Rights Advocacy Clinic caution that individuals detained at the airports could still be transferred to different detention facilities.^[41] Reports coming from midnight, January 28, indicated that Legal Aid lawyers were still not given access to clients being held inside of JFK.^[30] In Brooklyn, demonstrators waited outside the Federal District court as the case was being decided.^[4] Additionally, two Iraqi men who had been detained have filed lawsuits on January 28 against both Trump and the United States government over the issue.^[34][a]

  President Donald Trump was quoted as saying that his executive order’s ban is “working out very nicely. You see it at the airports, you see it all over.”^[42] Former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani said that President Trump came to him for guidance over the ruling which Giuliani described as a “Muslim ban”.^[43]

  California[edit]

  

  Protesters at San Francisco International Airport

  

  Protesters in Google’s headquarters in Mountain View, California. Waymo‘s self-driving cars appear in the foreground.

  The protest in Los Angeles initially saw around 200 protesters on Saturday.^[3]Protesters marched and chanted, growing to 400 people by 7:30pm, when word came in that Federal judges had placed a stay on the executive order.^[44] Seven people had been detained in the LAX because of the executive order.^[45] Attorneys specializing in immigration law created a “makeshift office” in the Bradley Terminal to help travelers in need.^[45] The protest at the Los Angeles International Airport grew to thousands of people who filled the Tom Bradley International Terminal and spilling out to the street.^[46] The local ABC News station stated that around 4,000 protesters were there to protest again on Sunday.^[47] A smaller group of counter-protesters also showed up at the airport, and the resulting clash caused the road next to Terminal 3 to be shut down for an hour.^[48] Later on Sunday, World Way was blocked when protesters sat down and refused to move until all people detained in the airport were released.^[49] By 10pm, 2 protesters were arrested for blocking traffic, then cited and released.^[49] Los Angeles mayor, Eric Garcetti, promised that Los Angeles would be a refuge for all people.^[48] Because of the protest, some travelers leaving Los Angeles missed their flights.^[50]

  On Sunday, protesters in Sacramento started demonstrating in Terminal B of the Sacramento International Airport.^[51] The city’s mayor, Darrell Steinberg, was on hand and said, “Mr. Trump, we will fight you every step of the way.”^[51] Some Sacramento protesters were heckled by those who agreed with the executive order.^[52]

  At the San Francisco International Airport (SFO), around 1,000 protesters showed up in support of refugees.^[53] Initially, US Customs and Border Protection denied holding any travellers at the airport.^[54] Five travellers had been detained and each was released by Sunday afternoon.^[55] The protest blocked the International arrival area in front of the airport and closed the street.^[56] California Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom and Google co-founder Sergey Brin attended the SFO protest.^[57] Around 60 people had gathered by 6am Sunday morning to demonstrate at SFO.^[58] By noon the crowd had returned to its earlier size of around 1,000 protesters.^[55]

  San Diego saw two days of protest at the San Diego International Airport.^[59] On Sunday there were around 1,000 protesters at Terminal 2 around 5pm.^[59]

  On January 30 about 2,000 employees of Google staged a protest in the company’s headquarters, Googleplex in Mountain View, as well as seven of its other offices.^{[60][61][62][63]}

  Chicago[edit]

  

  Protestors at Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport

  In Chicago, hundreds of protesters showed up at the airport to protest the detention of 17 travelers.^[64] By Saturday night, there were more than a thousand people present and traffic was shut now near Terminal 5.^[65] Eighteen travelers had been detained Saturday; all were finally released.^[66] On Sunday, at least another 50 were kept for additional questioning.^[65] Mayor Rahm Emanuel, Representatives Jan Schakowsky and Elaine Nekritz were there to support the demonstration.^[66]Protests at O’Hare slowed down somewhat during the day on Sunday only to begin again both inside and outside around 6pm.^[66] By 7pm, there were hundreds of protesters at the airport.^[65]

  Dallas–Fort Worth[edit]

  There were over 800 protesters at the Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport.^[24] The airport had detained 13 travelers,^[67]one of whom was an elderly woman and green card holder from Iran who was kept in the airport overnight.^[68] Another 800 protesters arrived Sunday to continue to protest Trump’s executive order.^[67] Nine detainees were released to their families off-site on Sunday, January 29. Dallas mayor Mike Rawlings, who had previously expressed concern over the detention, met with the travellers and expressed apologies on behalf of the people of Dallas.^[69]

  Detroit[edit]

  

  Protestors in Detroit

  People and organizations in Detroit organized a protest on January 29 at the Metropolitan Airport which drew an estimated 2,500 prostestors.^[70][71] Hundreds turned out in protests in the nearby suburbs of Dearborn and Hamtramck, which have significant Muslim American and immigrant populations.^[71] Protesters demonstrated as snow fell and the Detroit Free Press reported that their voices “could be above the roar of jet engines.”^[72] The airport’s Authority Public Safety team coordinated with protest organizers to ensure that the protest would be safe and that the demonstrators could be heard. No one was arrested.^[73]

  Indianapolis[edit]

  In Indianapolis, author John Green and Representative Andre Carson attended a protest at Indianapolis International Airport.^[20]

  Massachusetts[edit]

  Mayor Marty Walsh and Senator Elizabeth Warren joined the protest in Boston at the Logan International Airport.^[24]

  In Cambridge at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), around 200 students staged a demonstration on Sunday in solidarity with classmates like engineering student, Niki Mossafer Rahmati, who were affected by the ban.^[74]

  Raleigh–Durham[edit]

  There were around 1,500 protesters at the Raleigh Durham International Airport outside of Terminal 2 on Sunday.^[75]

  Seattle[edit]

  The protest in Seattle on January 28 grew to more than 3,000 protesters was supported at an on-site news conference by numerous elected officials, including the state Governor Jay Inslee.^[18][76][77] “Up to 13 people” were detained in the Seattle airport.^[24] In Seattle, the police used pepper spray on crowds and around 15 people were arrested.^[78]

  Washington, D.C.[edit]

  

  Demonstrator in Washington, D.C.

  The Governor of Virginia, Terry McAuliffe, joined the protest at Dulles International Airport on Saturday.^[22] Senator Cory Booker was also at the protest at the Dulles International Airport.^[24] Rabbi Jack Moline, president of the Interfaith Alliance, also joined the protest.^[64]

  Protesters continued to demonstrate at Dulles and other protesters demonstrated outside the White House on Sunday.^[79] Senators Kamala Harris and Catherine Cortez Masto were at the protests.^[80] Other protesters demonstrated outside of the Trump International Hotel.^[79]

  On Monday evening, Democrats demonstrated outside of the Supreme Court in opposition to the executive order.^[81] House Minority Leader, Nancy Pelosi, Senators Chuck Schumer, Joe Manchin, Cory Booker, Elizabeth Warren, Bernie Sanders, Jeff Merkley and Al Franken along with Representatives Jerrold Nadler, Nydia Valsquez, Andre Carson, and Joseph Crowley spoke at the rally.^[82]

  United Kingdom[edit]

  A mass protest in London was scheduled for Monday evening, with 9,000 people registering on Facebook and another 16,000 stating they were interested in attending.^[83]Owen Jones was one of the organizers of the event which protested the executive order.^[84] The march towards Downing Street began around 6pm.^[85] The march packed Westminster station and brought Whitehall to a “standstill.”^[84] Thousands of protesters joined the demonstration.^[86]

  Around 3,000 people were present at the Manchester demonstration.^[86]

  In Oxford, there were hundreds of protesters who also criticised Prime Minister Theresa May’s response to the executive order.^[87]

  Other responses[edit]

  In opposition to the executive order, over 350,000 people acted by donating to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) who have been protecting individual rights.^[88] The organization collected more money over the weekend of January 28 than it did during all of 2016.^[88]Lyft was one of the companies that donated, giving $1 million to the ACLU.^[39] Because Uber was seen as acting as strike-breakers during the New York taxi strike and also because Uber’s CEO, Travis Kalanick, has agreed to serve on an economic advisory panel for Trump, many protesters are boycotting Uber and using Lyft or traditional taxi service instead.^[89]

  Starbucks pledged to hire 10,000 refugees worldwide over the next five year as a response to the executive order.^[90]

  On January 28, writer Eoin Higgins called for using the momentum of the JFK protests as a prelude to a general strike. ^[91]

  • January 29 – Protests against executive order 13769, banning travelers and refugees from certain countries continue at airports and public spaces, continue in the United States^{[302][303][304]} and internationally.^[305]
  • January 30 – A protest occurred at the U.S. Consulate in Toronto, Canada in the wake of Trump’s executive order on immigration.^[306] A demonstration by Democrats was held outside of the Supreme Court to protest the executive order.^[307] Across major cities in the United Kingdom, large crowds varying from over 200 people, protested against the Trump Administration’s order on banning travellers and refugees from certain countries, as well supporting the petition to ban the Trump state visit to the U.K, which gathered over one million signatures in two days.^[308][309]
  • January 31 – Protests against Executive Order 13769 continue. In Las Cruces, New Mexico, demonstrators showed up outside the Islamic Center to show support for the Muslim community.^[310]

  February 2017

   Berkeley protests

  The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

  2017 Berkeley protests
  Protesters during the April 15th rally
  Date	February 1, 2017–present
  Location	Berkeley, California
  Methods	Protesting, street fighting, vandalism,[1]assault[2]
  Status	Intermittent
  Parties to the civil conflict
  Anarchist groups anti-fascists Anti-Trump protesters BAMN Alt-right groups Conservative groups Identity Evropa Proud Boys Oath Keepers Trump supporters Berkeley Police Department University of California Police Department Alameda County Sheriff’s Department
  Casualties
  Injuries	Several (February 1) 7 (March 4) 11 (April 15)
  Arrested	1 (February 1) 10 (March 4) 23 (April 15)

  Part of a series on Protests against Donald Trump (Timeline • LGBT)
  Campaign protests
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  Protests during presidency
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  v t e

  The 2017 Berkeley protests refer to a series of protests occurred in the city of Berkeley, California in the vicinity of University of California, Berkeley. Violence has occurred predominately between anti-Trump protesters, some of whom were anarchists and other far-left radicals, and supporters of Donald Trump and the alt-right. The first event occurred on February 1 when Milo Yiannopoulos was scheduled to give a speech. The other two incidents, which occurred on March 4 and April 15, were pro-Trump rallies met with counter-protesters.

  Timeline of protests

  February 1

  On February 1, Milo Yiannopoulos was scheduled to make a speech at UC Berkeley at 8:00 pm. Over 1,500 people gathered to protest the event on the steps of Sproul Hall, with some violence occurring.^[3] Prior to the event, more than 100 UC Berkeley faculty had signed a petition urging the university to cancel the event.^[4]

  According to the university, around 150 masked agitators came onto campus and interrupted the protest, setting fires, damaging property, throwing fireworks, attacking members of the crowd, and throwing rocks at the police.^[5] These violent protesters included members of BAMN and Antifa who threw rocks at police, shattered windows, threw Molotov cocktails, and later continued to vandalize downtown Berkeley.^[6] Among those assaulted were a Syrian Muslim in a suit who was pepper sprayed and hit with a rod by a protester dressed all in black who said “You look like a Nazi”,^[7] and a white woman who was pepper sprayed while being interviewed by a TV reporter.^[8] Citing security concerns, the UC Police Department decided to cancel the event.^[3][9] One person was arrested for failure to disperse, and there was an estimated $100,000 in damage.^[10]

  

  March 4, 2017 protest: Roughly 200 protesters, counter-protesters, and others in MLK Jr. Civic Center Park around 2:00 pm. The building in the background is the City Council Chambers.

  March 4

  See also: March 4 Trump

  A pro-Donald Trump march in Berkeley on March 4 resulted in seven injuries and ten arrests after confrontations with counter-protesters. Police confiscated several potentially deadly items from attendees of the rally including baseball bats, bricks, metal pipes, 2x4s and a dagger.^[11]

  Some attending were identified as members of the Proud Boys, but prior to the event, Proud Boys leader Gavin McInnes disavowed any link to the march, tweeting: “#ProudBoys never agreed to be part of this march. I’m out”.^[12][13]

  April 15

  On April 15, several groups, including approximately 50 Oath Keepers, held a pro-Trump rally and were met by counter-protesters.^[14] Planned speakers included Brittany Pettibone, Lauren Southern, Tim Treadstone, and others associated with the far-right and white nationalism.^[15][16] The event was organized as a free-speech rally by the same person which organized the March 4 Trump event.^[17][18]

  At Martin Luther King Jr. Civic Center Park a “large number of fights” broke out smoke bombs and fireworks were thrown into the melee, and pepper spray was used in the crowd.^[19][20] “Both groups threw rocks and sticks at each other and used a large trash bin as a battering ram as the crowd moved around the perimeter of the park.”^[19] Eleven people were injured, six of whom were hospitalized, including one person who was stabbed.^[19] Police “seized a handful of cans of peppers spray, some knives, and dozens of sign and flag poles, skateboards, and other blunt objects” from members of the crowd.^[20]

  A Reuters reporter estimated that at least 500 and 1,000 people were in the park at the peak of the rally.^[21] Various far-right activists in the crowd held up antisemitic signs, including “Da Goyim Know,”^[22][23] and some made Nazi salutes.^[16][20]

  During the event, Nathan Damigo—a 30-year-old Cal State Stanislaus student and the founder of the white supremacist group Identity Evropa—punched a 20-year-old woman in the face, then ran off into the crowd. The attack was captured on video and prompted calls for Damigo’s arrest or expulsion.^[24] Cal State Stanislaus stated that that they would investigate Damigo.

  May 2017[edit]

  • May 1 – Immigration rights strike and protest were planned.^[409] The 2017 May Day protests took place across the country.^[410]
  • May 3 – Demonstrators rallied outside the White House to protest executive order 13798, Promoting Free Speech and Religious Liberty.^[411]
  • May 4 – A protest took place in New York when Trump returned to the city for the first time since he took office.^[412] A protest took place at the Wallace Bennett Federal Building in Salt Lake City after the House passage of the American Health Care Act (AHCA).^[413]
  • May 9 – Hundreds of protesters demanded that Trump stay in the Paris Agreement, rallying outside of the Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C.^[414]
  • May 10 – A protest against Trump took place outside of the White House where demonstrators called for an independent prosecutor and for Trump’s impeachment.^[415] Betsy DeVos was booed and students turned their back to her when she gave a commencement speech at Bethune-Cookman University.^[416]
  • May 11 – Protesters in Butte gathered to demonstrated against Donald Trump, Jr. and Greg Gianforte.^[417] Around 150 protesters in San Diego protested against Trump and the GOP.^[418]
  • May 13 – Around 200 protesters spelled out the word “Resist!” with their bodies on Trump National Golf Course in Rancho Palos Verdes, California.^[419] Around a hundred protesters demonstrated in Lynchburg against Trump’s Liberty University address.^[420] Protesters in South Florida demonstrated in Little Haiti against the deportation of Haitian refugees.^[421]
  • May 15 – Protesters in Seattle rallied in front of the federal courthouse in opposition to the travel ban.^[422] Artist, Robin Bell, used a video projector to place words on the Trump International Hotel such as “pay Trump bribes here” and “emoluments welcome.”^[423]
  • May 20 – Protests took place in Yemen in opposition of Trump’s visit to Saudi Arabia. Thousands of demonstrators aligned with Houthi rebels marched through Sana’a.^[424]
  • May 23 – Thousands of demonstrators in Gaza supporting the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) protested Trump’s visit to Bethlehem.^[425] Protesters in Rome demonstrated against Trump’s visit to the Vatican.^[426]Hundreds of students walked out on Mike Pence’s commencement speech at Notre Dame in order to protest Trump administration policies.^[427]
  • May 24 – Around 9,000 people in Brussels attended a rally against Trump who called the city a “hellhole.” Belgians at the protest indicated that he was not welcome and that they were against “his war agenda.”^[428][429]
  • May 27 – A protest took place near the location of the G-7 summit in Giardini Naxos.^[430]

  June 2017[edit]

  • June 1 – Protesters demonstrated against Trump’s pull out from the Paris Agreement in front of the White House.^[431]
  • June 3 – Thousands of protesters participated in the March for Truth.^[432]

  July 2017[edit]

  • July 2 – “Impeachment March” rallies in several major U.S. cities advocated for U.S. Congress to start the impeachment process for Trump.^[433]
  • July 4 – An anti-Trump rally coinciding with Independence Day called “We Will Not Be Banned” protests Trump’s immigration policies at Trump Tower.^[434]

  August 2017[edit]

  • August 13 – Thousands protest in New York City as President Trump returns to Trump Tower for the first time since January 19^[435]
  • August 19 – Responses to the 2017 Unite the Right Rally took place in various cities. In particular in Boston, 40000 people counter-protested the Boston Free Speech rally.^[436]

  • August 22 – Thousands protest in Phoenix outside the Phoenix convention center while President Trump visits to make a campaign rally speech in the Phoenix Convention Center.^[437]

  September 2017[edit]

  • September 5 – Thousands protest throughout the country in response to the termination of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program.^[438]
  • September 19 – Ten people, including Congressman Raúl Grijalva, Congressman Luis Gutiérrez, Congressman Adriano Espaillat, and Speaker Melissa Mark-Viverito of the New York City Council are arrested protesting in front of Trump Tower.^[439]
  • September 24 – Hundreds of players throughout the National Football League protest during the national anthem.^[440]

  November 2017[edit]

  • November 10 — In the Philippines, Militant group stage the protests against Trump, who will be visiting in the country for the 2017 ASEAN Summit.^[441][442]
  • November 21 – In Palm Beach, hundreds protest outside Mar-a-Lago before President Trump arrives over the termination of Temporary Protected Status.^[443]

  January 2018[edit]

  • January 15 – Hundreds protest in Times Square against President Trump on Martin Luther King Jr. Day.^[444]
  • January 20 – Hundreds of thousands protested during the 2018 Women’s March, on the first day of a government shutdown. ^[445

  Aftermath

  Following the February 1 protest, a lawyer representing a local police union criticized the police administration for their “hands off” policy which prevented officers from preventing crime or making arrests. A police representative responded that they did not want to further escalate violence, and that the campus police were inexperienced in dealing with black bloc tactics.^[25] According to Berkeley Police chief Margo Bennett, they were waiting for reinforcements to come from Oakland Police and the Alameda County Sheriff before dispersing the crowds.^[26]

  Following the February events, President Trump criticized the UC Berkeley on Twitter, asserting that it “does not allow free speech” and threatening to de-fund the university.^[27][28] After the incident, Yiannopoulos’ upcoming book, Dangerous, returned to number one for a few days on Amazon‘s “Best Sellers” list.^[29][30] According to Yiannopoulos’ Facebook post, he plans to return to Berkeley “hopefully within the next few months.”^[31]

  After the April events, several news organizations noted that the fighting demonstrated an increasing use of violence between members of both the far-right and the far-left.^[16]

  On April 18, administrators at UC Berkeley canceled a planned April 27 appearance on the campus by Ann Coulter, citing safety concerns. Coulter tweeted on April 19 that she would be coming to Berkeley to speak on that date regardless.^[32][33] On April 20, the University stated that they would host Coulter on May 2 at a “protected venue” that would be disclosed at a later date.^[34] Coulter responded on Twitter that she would still be coming to speak on April 27, noting that UC Berkeley has no classes scheduled for the week of May 2.^[35]

  Bodega protests[edit]

  On February 2, Yemeni business owners in New York City closed their stores and bodegas simultaneously between noon and 8pm.^[108] More than 1,000 businesses participated in the strike.^[109] The closures were in protest of the travel ban or executive order 13769.^[110] Later, at Brooklyn Bourough Hall, there was a peaceful demonstration and at 5:15 pm, Muslims at the rally conducted a large Maghrib on the steps of Borough Hall.^[109]

  • February 3 – Mock vigils for the Bowling Green Massacre, a fictitious event accidentally created by Kellyanne Conway while defending executive order 13769 took place in Bowling Green, Kentucky^[313] and at Bowling Green train station in New York City.^[314][315]

  

  Protests in St. Louis

  

  LGBT Solidarity Rally on February 4

  Protests on February 4, 2017[edit]

  

  San Francisco City Hall protest

  On February 4, thousands of protesters marched on Trump’s Mar-a-Lago resort in Palm Beach, Florida, where Trump was attending a fundraiser for the International Red Cross.^[111] In New York City, thousands from the LGBTQ community gathered at the historic Stonewall Inn in a show of solidarity with immigrant communities and those affected by Trump’s travel ban.^[112] Thousands of people in San Francisco participated in a peaceful protest against Trump taking place outside San Francisco City Hall.^[113] Protests also took place in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles.^[114] In Canada, thousands gathered outside the U.S. consulate in Toronto to protest against Islamophobia and Trump’s ban.^[115] Thousands of U.K. citizens also took to the streets in protest of the travel ban and Theresa May‘s invitation to Trump for a state visit.^[116]

  • February 5 – Protests outside of Super Bowl LI took place in Houston.^[322]Hundreds attended a march going from Hermann Park to NRG Stadium.^[323] In Los Angeles, around 1,500 demonstrators protested against the Dakota and Keystone XL pipeline project.^[324]
  • February 6 – Around 200 people protested outside of the Trump International Hotel in Manhattan against Executive Order 13769.^[325] Twenty rabbis were arrested in the protest.^[325]
  • February 7 – Protesters in New York marched outside of Goldman Sachs’ headquarters to protest “Wall Street’s involvement in President Donald Trump’s administration.”^[326]
  • February 10 – Thousands of protesters in Iran demonstrated against Trump in Azadi Square on the anniversary of the Islamic Revolution.^[327]

  Protests on the weekend of February 11, 2017[edit]

  Protests occurred internationally on February 11 and February 12, 2017. On Ocean Beach in San Francisco, on February 11, thousands joined together to spell “RESIST !!”^[117] The words could be read from the sky and an estimated 4,600 to 5,600 people were involved.^[118] In Edinburgh, a large protest against Trump took place and was organized by the group, Scotland Against Trump.^[119] Thousands attended the Scotland protest, which also included speeches and was peaceful in nature.^[120] In Prague, many United States expatriates and Czech citizens marched in through the city center on February 11.^[121] In North Carolina, a “Moral March on Raleigh” took place on February 11, and was led by the North Carolina NAACP in support of LGBT rights and against Trump.^[122] Protests across Mexico took place in 18 cities on February 12.^[123] The Mexican protests were not against Americans, but against Trump’s policies, with some protests also criticising the Mexican government.^[123] In Mexico City, around 20,000 people marched on Paseo de la Reforma.^[124] In Mexico City, two groups organized the protests, Vibra México and Mexicanos Unidos.^[125] Protestors were against the treatment of immigrants by the Trump administration and many were against the proposed border wall.^[124] Other cities in Mexico that had protests on February 12 included Tijuana, Monterrey, Mérida and Morelia.

  • February 12 – Thousands in cities across Mexico took to the streets in protest against Trump’s attitude towards Mexicans and his proposed border wall.^[332] Hundreds of protesters in Chicago lined up along the Chicago River and then mooned Trump Tower.^[333]
  • February 13 – The “Day Without Latinos” strike in Milwaukee protested both Trump-supporter, Sheriff David Clarke and the Trump administration’s aggressive moves on immigrants.^[334] Students at Howard University protested Betsy Devos’s visit to the campus and have asked campus administration to block President Trump from visiting.^[335]
  • February 14 – A protest against the Trump administration took place in Rochester.

  Day Without Immigrants 2017

  

  Demonstrators in front of the John A. Wilson Building in Washington, D.C.

  Day Without Immigrants (or A Day Without Immigrants) was a protest and boycott that took place on February 16, 2017, to demonstrate the importance of immigration,^[1][2] and to protest President Donald Trump‘s plans to build a border wall and to potentially deport millions of illegal immigrants.^[3] The strike called for immigrants not to go to work, to avoid spending money, and keep children home from school.^[4] People took part to show the importance of immigrants to the economy and also to protest possible racial profiling of U.S. citizens by immigration enforcement.^[5] The strike was planned on social media.^[6] People first started talking about the strike after the Women’s March, and as the idea gained momentum, important people in the restaurant industry helped boost exposure.^[7]

  Locations[edit]

  

  Report from Voice of America

  Shop and restaurant owners in Atlanta, Austin, Detroit, Philadelphia, Portland,^[8]San Francisco, Phoenix,^[6] Nashville,^[9]Albuquerque,^[10] Denton,^[11] Dallas,^[12] Fort Worth,^[13] Washington, D.C., and other major U.S. cities closed their doors in a show of solidarity with their workers.^[14]Over 50 restaurants were closed in Washington, D.C. on Thursday.^[15] Around six food outlets closed at the Pentagon.^[15] Three dining options at the Architect of the Capitol were closed.^[16] In Chicago, five of the Pete’s Fresh Market locations closed and the owner, Vanessa Dremonas, vowed not to penalize workers who participated in the protest.^[17] Rick Bayless closed many of his restaurants at the urging of staff.^[6] Many restaurants in Boston closed, or served menus with fewer choices.^[18] Many McDonald’s chains were closed across the country.^[19] Nearly all of the stores in Midwood, Brooklyn were closed.^[6] Over 1,000 businesses were closed in Dallas.^[12]

  In Austin, only 60 percent of students attended school in the KIPP Austin Comunidad charter school network.^[6] The Fort Worth Independent School District saw their elementary school attendance rate go down by 35 percent.^[13] Thousands of children in Fresno County did not attend school.^[20]

  In Milwaukee, a similar event took place on February 13, 2017, called “A Day Without Latinos.”^[21]

  Activities[edit]

  

  Protesters in Washington, D.C.

  The Davis Museum at Wellesley College removed from display or cloaked in black cloth about 20 percent of the museum’s display; the 120 works of art had either been created or donated by an immigrant.^[22]

  The non-profit organization Many Languages One Voice organized a protest march from Washington, D.C.’s Mount Pleasant neighborhood to the White House.^[4]

  In Chicago, a rally took place at Union Park with hundreds of workers marching towards the Mexican consulate on Ashland Avenue at noon on Thursday.^[23]Hundreds of demonstrators marched from the Austin City Hall to the Texas State Capitol.^[24] Protesters gathered outside city hall in Homestead, Florida.^[25] A demonstration was held in Frankfort at the Kentucky State Capitol.^[26]

  Some restaurants that stayed open have said they will donate part of their proceeds from Thursday to immigrant advocacy organizations.^[4]

  Controversy[edit]

  The L.A. Unified school district urged students not to take part in the protest.^[5] In the Bay Area, Redwood City School District also asked families to ensure their kids came to school.^[27]

  DC Public Schools Chief John Davis emailed principals stating: “all students and staff are expected to be in school throughout the day”.^[28]

  Teachers from Rubidoux High School in Jurupa Valley commented disparagingly on Latino students missing classes on social media. Because of the controversy and their comments, they were placed on paid leave while an investigation takes place.^[29]

  Some restaurants fired their workers who did not come into work on the Day Without Immigrants. Twelve Hispanic workers in Catoosa were fired for not showing up to work.^[30] In Nashville, 18 people lost their jobs for skipping work to take part in the boycott.^[31] JVS Masonry in Denver fired around 30 workers for not coming into work on that Thursday.^[32] Twenty-one people were fired from Encore Boat Builders for failing to show for work.^[33]

  Resist Trump Tuesdays[edit]

  Protesters have organized demonstrations, rallies and other activities nationwide.^[131][132] These Tuesday protests are scheduled to take place during Trump’s first 100 days.

  • February 17 – General strike (see also: Day Without Immigrants 2017), prior to President’s Day.^[338][339] Hundreds of people demonstrated against the Trump administration in Washington Square Park.^[339]
  • February 18 – Anti-Trump protesters demonstrated in a peaceful protest outside of a Trump rally held at the Orlando-Melbourne International Airport.^[340]In New York, a staged funeral to “mourn the death of the U.S. presidency took place in Washington Square Park.^[341]
  • February 19 – Over 1,000 people participated in the “I Am a Muslim Too” rally at Times Square.^[342] The event was organized by Russell Simmons and several religious leaders of different faiths.^[342] Boston held a rally in support of science and the environment.^[341]

  

  ‘Not My President’s Day Protest’ video from Voice of America

  Not My Presidents Day

  Not My Presidents Day

  Protester in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.
  Date	February 20, 2017
  Location	United States United Kingdom
  Type	Demonstrations
  Cause	Opposition to President Donald Trump
  Arrest(s)	13 (Portland, Oregon)

  “Not My Presidents Day” (sometimes “Not My President’s Day“, or “Not My Presidents’ Day“) was a series of rallies against the President of the United States, Donald Trump, on Washington’s Birthday (the American federal holiday also known as Presidents’ Day), February 20, 2017.^[1][2] Protests were held in dozens of cities throughout the United States.^[3][4][5][6] Demonstrations were also held outside London’s Palace of Westminster and in Orkney.

  The marches were mostly coordinated through Facebook. Organizers of the protest stated that although Trump was the president, they wanted to show that he did not represent their values.^[7][8] Los Angeles was the first city to plan a “Not My Presidents Day” rally, which was attended by more than a thousand protesters. New York City saw the largest demonstration, with an estimated 10,000 to 13,000 people attending a rally outside Trump International Hotel and Tower. The events were mostly peaceful, although thirteen people were arrested in Portland, Oregon.

  Preparation and planning[edit]

  The Not My Presidents Day protests were mostly coordinated through Facebook,^[9][10] like the original event in Los Angeles, which was spread through social media, inspiring other rallies.^[11] Before some rallies, there was a poster-making session.^[12]

  The artist’s collective, Bad and Nasty, helped coordinate events for Not My Presidents Day.^[13][10] Holly Hughes helped create Bad and Nasty via social media.^[13] Hughes told MTV News, “I made an idle threat on Facebook […] I would gather the Bad Hombres and Nasty Women of Ann Arbor together at a dive bar for performance on NOT My President’s Day. And overnight more than a thousand people wanted in!”^[14] Other women involved in planning Bad and Nasty events were Lois Weaver and Mary Jo Watts.^[15] In Minneapolis, Bad and Nasty was involved with a performance called “This Machine”, planning well in advance of February 20, 2017.^[16] The University of California, Riverside, also planned a Bad and Nasty event for President’s Day.^[17]

  The Women’s March committee of New York city also aided in planning for Not My Presidents Day.^[14]

  Locations and activities[edit]

  

  

  Ann Arbor,

  

  Atlanta,

  

  Augusta,

  

  Austin,

  

  Baltimore,

  

  Chicago,

  

  Columbia,

  

  Denver,

  

  Detroit,

  

  Eugene,

  

  Gainesville,

  

  Great Barrington,

  

  Grand Rapids,

  

  Kansas City,

  

  Knoxville,

  

  Las Vegas,

  

  Marquette,

  

  Miami,

  

  Milwaukee,

  

  Minneapolis,

  

  Mystic,

  

  Ocala,

  

  Philadelphia,

  

  Port Richey,

  

  Portland,

  

  Pueblo,

  

  Rapid City,

  

  Saint Paul,

  

  Salt Lake City,

  

  Seattle,

  

  Washington, D.C.,

  

  West Palm Beach,

  

  Williamsburg,

  

  Yeadon,

  Map of the contiguous United States showing cities with Not My Presidents Day demonstrations, excluding the U.S. states of California, New Jersey, and New York, which are illustrated in separate maps below.

  There were about 400 protesters in Atlanta, where a peaceful demonstration called “ImPEACH Now! (Not My) President’s Day March” was followed by a six-mile march from the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority‘s Arts Center station, near the Woodruff Arts Center, to Lenox Square, in Buckhead.^{[1][18][19][20]}Many of the people participating in Atlanta’s event were first-time protesters.^[18] The event was organized by Matthew Williams of Democracy Spring Georgia.^[19] There were about 200 people at the rally outside the Maine State House in Augusta, Maine. The protest was organized by a young trans man, Jazpyer Harrington. Participants chanted “We need a leader, not a creepy tweeter” and sang “God Bless America” and “The Star-Spangled Banner“.^[21]

  Several hundred protesters attended a rally outside the Texas State Capitol in Austin, which was also attended by some Trump supporters. The demonstration was organized by a woman who resides in San Antonio. There were no major speakers; attendees took turns speaking into a megaphone.^[22] The rally started at noon and lasted until 3pm.^[23] The Baltimore protest was held along North Charles Street in the Station North Arts and Entertainment District. It lasted into the evening and, according to CBS Baltimore, had a reportedly “different tone than elsewhere in the rest of the country, with less protesting, more talking”.^[24] Michele Minnick and Laura Pazuchowski were co-organizers of the event, which also attracted dozens of Trump supporters.^[24] A group called “Bad and Nasty’ Baltimore” organized a day of art and activism, which included face painting, sign making, and a workshop titled “our Democratic Heritage”.^[25] Entrance to the event was on a sliding scale up to $10, with proceeds benefiting the state’s chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union (Maryland ACLU).^[25]

  In Chicago, hundreds of protesters gathered at the intersection of Wacker Drive and Wabash Avenue, across the Chicago River from the Trump International Hotel and Tower.^[26] Estimates said there were 1,200 people^[27] and police reported no arrests. A group of 25 local musicians known as “Sousaphones Against Hate, Baritones Resisting Aggression” performed for the crowd.^[7][11] Wabash was temporarily closed to both foot and vehicle traffic.^[28] Former Governor of Illinois, Pat Quinn, was at the protest gathering signatures for a ballot initiative.^[6] A demonstration also took place in Columbia, South Carolina.^[27] About 40 people gathered at a rally in front of Great Barrington, Massachusetts‘ Town Hall.^[29]

  External video

  Not My President’s Day protest begins in Kansas City, KCTV

  Anti-Trump protest on Presidents Day in Las Vegas, Las Vegas Review-Journal

  In Kansas City, Missouri, demonstrators gathered at Country Club Plaza‘s J. C. Nichols Fountain, in the Country Club District.^[30] More than 1,600 people indicated their interested in attending on the event’s Facebook page, which was organized to “demand an investigation into the constitutional conflicts, ethics violations and mental instability of the current President of the United States”.^[31][32] Several groups were represented and spoke at the protest, including Indivisible KC, Kansas City Progressive Caucus, The Muslim Civic Initiative, and Edward Cantu, an associate law professor at University of Missouri–Kansas City.^[31] The Knoxville, Tennessee protest was organized by David T. Payne and held at Market Square.^[33] Only 18 people expressed interest in attending the event on its Facebook page, and fewer than ten individuals ended up participating. The protest reportedly saw a handful of people debating with a single Trump supporter.^[34] KTNV-TV initially reported on a “Not My Presidents Day” rally in Las Vegas, but later said the “People’s Power Over the President Day” protest organized by Sierra Club was unaffiliated. The anti-Trump “People’s Power” event was held outside the Lloyd D. George Federal Courthouse, in downtown Las Vegas, and attracted dozens of participants.^[35]

  Demonstrators in Milwaukee protested peacefully against Trump and Senator Ron Johnson, and in support of immigration rights and women’s rights.^[36] They marched from Zeidler Union Square to the Federal Building. Milwaukee Coalition Against Trump organized the demonstration; Citizen Action Organizing Cooperative was also represented.^[37] Mystic, Connecticut held a protest of around 60 demonstrators who marched through the downtown area.^[38] In Rapid City, South Dakota, hundreds of anti-Trump and Trump supporters turned out at a rally that began at noon.^[20] Each group stood opposite each other on the intersection of Omaha Street and Mount Rushmore Road, near Memorial Park. The event was organized by Joyce Patton.^[39][40]

  

  Marchers en route to the White House in Washington, D.C.

  Salt Lake City saw between 200 and 250 protesters march from the Wallace F. Bennett Federal Building down State Street to Washington Square.^[41][42] The rally included representatives and speakers from community groups, including Utah Women Unite, Utahans Against Police Brutality, SLC Air Protectors, and Communidades Unidas.^[42][43] In Seattle, organizers held a performance event called “Outrage Onstage”,^[44] featuring activists and artists, including David Schmader and Teatro ZinZanni‘s Kevin Kent.^[45] The event was held at the Sanctuary at Admiral in West Seattle‘s Admiral District.^[1] “Outrage Onstage” was free to attend, but donations were accepted to benefit the state’s ACLU chapter.^[45]

  In Washington, D.C., hundreds of protesters rallied in DuPont Circle, where they sang “We Shall Overcome” and then marched towards the White House.^[46][47] More than 500 people attended the rally.^[48]Speakers included Lee Carter and Ken Boddye, who are running for the Virginia House of Delegates.^[48] More than 200 people came out for a rally held in Williamsburg, Virginia. The event was organized by Peninsula Indivisible and Middle Peninsula Progressives. People who went to the rally were able to sign post cards to send to the White House and sign petitions.^[49]

  California[edit]

  

  

  Anaheim,

  

  Los Angeles,

  

  Palm
  Desert,

  

  Pasadena,

  

  Riverside,

  

  San Diego,

  

  San Francisco,

  

  San Jose,

  

  San Mateo,

  

  Santa Barbara,

  

  West Hollywood,

  Map of California showing cities with Not My Presidents Day demonstrations

  Over a thousand people attended the rally outside Los Angeles City Hall in downtown Los Angeles.^[46][50] Estimates stated there were several thousand people at the demonstration.^[8] Participants gathered outside City Hall,^[46] and then ended up at Federal Plaza.^[51] Los Angeles was the first city to plan a “Not My Presidents Day” rally.^[52][53]The event caused some traffic delays.^[51] Later, in West Hollywood, a gay bar called The Abbey held a #Resist protest.^[54]

  In Palm Desert, hundreds of people assembled outside the Palm Desert Civic Park Amphitheater for a two-hour rally organized by Progressive Democrats of the Desert and Courageous Resistance. There were about a dozen speakers, including one from Comité Latino Coachella Valley.^[55][56][57]

  A small gathering in Pasadena was organized by a group of concerned mothers and their children, led by Jenna Karvunidis.^[58][59] The theatre, film and digital production department of the University of California, Riverside, held an artistic event to protest Trump on Monday.^[60]Around 100 people attended a demonstration in San Diego.^[61] Protests were also held outside the San Francisco Federal Building and at San Jose’s City Hall Plaza.^[62] About 30 protesters gathered in stormy weather in San Mateo. Protests were also organized in Anaheim and Santa Barbara.^[58][63]

  Colorado[edit]

  The Denver protest, which was organized by Hanna Khavafipour,^[64] included several hundred demonstrators and took place in the evening at the Colorado State Capitol.^[65] The 16th Street Mall and nearby streets were shut down for about two hours, but no arrests were made and businesses experienced few disturbances.^[66] A small group of protesters in Pueblo were organized by the Pueblo Congressional Accountability Committee (PCAC).^[67]

  Florida[edit]

  In Florida, events were planned in Gainesville, Miami, Venice, and West Palm Beach. The protests in Miami and Palm Beach were organized by South Florida Activism and included a gathering at Palm Beach International Airport, where participants turned their backs to Trump’s motorcade en route to Mar-a-Lago and wore shirts that displayed “No 45”.^[68][69]There were around 200 demonstrators who participated by turning their backs on Trump.^[70] The Labor Community Roundtable/United Front Against Trump held a peaceful rally at The Torch of Friendship in Miami. About two dozen people attended.^[50] In Ocala, the CommonCents Ocala, a local chapter of the indivisible movement, hosted a rally on East Silver Springs Boulevard by Downtown Square. The event attracted around 80 people.^[71] In Port Richey, Trump protesters and supporters stood across the street from each other in a mostly peaceful demonstration.^[72]

  Michigan[edit]

  In Ann Arbor, a “Bad Hombres and Nasty Women” event featuring live performances expected an attendance of 600 people; proceeds benefited Planned Parenthood.^[58] The event took place at the Neutral Zone and included performance art and comedy.^[73] Another artistic outlet protesting Trump took place in Detroit, where performers and audience members met at a venue called the Light Box, where they raised money for the ACLU of Michigan.^[74] In downtown Grand Rapids, between 200 and 300 demonstrators gathered at Rosa Parks Circle and marched to Calder Plaza. The protest was organized by Indivisible West Michigan.^[75][76][77] Dozens of protesters gathered outside the U.S. Postal Service building at the corner of Third and Washington streets in Marquette. The event was led by Anne Stark.^[78]

  Minnesota[edit]

  A protest occurred in Minneapolis, with demonstrators protesting outside the Walker Art Center.^[79] Students for a Democratic Society and anti-Trump activists held a rally on the University of Minnesota campus in Saint Paul.^[80] At bus stops in both Minneapolis and Saint Paul, artists and musicians performed at an event called “This Machine (Not My President’s Day Minneapolis Saint Paul)”.^[81] The performances took place from 4:30–6pm, with participants wearing orange.^[81]

  New Jersey[edit]

  

  

  Hackensack,

  

  Newark,

  

  Ocean City,

  Map of New Jersey showing cities with Not My Presidents Day protests

  Organizers held a “New Birth of Freedom” vigil outside the Bergen County Court House in Hackensack. The event was organized by Jersey Justice Action Network, with Chip O’Brien serving as lead organizer, and attended by several groups, including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the New Jersey ACLU, New Jersey Interfaith Coalition, and Resource, Education and Awareness by Latinos (REAL). The event attracted about 50 participants; candles were distributed and lit to represent the “flame of progress to be held unwavering in the future”.^[82]

  Newark also held a rally, near the Seated Lincoln statue outside the Essex County Courthouse, where protesters said they were uncomfortable with the Trump administration’s stances on education, the environment, health care, and immigration.^[83][84] In Ocean City, demonstrators chose to have a positive tone in the signs they used during their march.^[85]

  New York[edit]

  

  

  New Paltz,

  

  New York City,

  

  Setauket,

  

  White Plains,

  Map of New York showing cities with Not My Presidents Day protests

  Outside the Jacobson Faculty Tower at the State University of New York at New Paltz in New Paltz, demonstrators created and destroyed a cardboard box representation of Trump’s proposed border wall.^[86][87] The rally was organized by Move Forward New York and the SUNY New Paltz chapter of United University Professions. Hudson Valley Feminists, Indivisible CD19 NY, Olive Action Group, SUNY New Paltz Student Association, and Women’s March – New Paltz, were also sponsors.^{[86][87][88][89]}

  External media

  Images
  Gallery: Hundreds gather for Not My President’s Day Rally, New Paltz
  Video
  New York protesters criticise Trump on YouTube, AP Archive (February 25, 2017)
  Portland ‘Not My Presidents Day’ protesters face off with police at federal building, The Oregonian
  Portland President’s Day Protests, Feb. 20, Willamette Week

  This series of protests marks the fifth consecutive day when anti-protests took place in New York City.^[46][90] The crowds first gathered on Central Park West.^[91] There were also protesters outside the mayor’s office.^[92] About 10,000^[93] to 13,000 people attended the Not My Presidents Day rally,^[94] which was held outside Trump International Hotel and Tower,^[95][96] including some Trump supporters.^[9] The rally remained peaceful, with no arrests made.^[9] The rally also included a disability rights speaker and a speaker from the Stand up to Trump Coalition UK.^[97] The rally ended at about 4 pm, when police began to disperse the crowds.^[98]

  In Setauket, about 100 protesters lined up at the corner of Route 25A and Bennetts Road to protest.^[99] In White Plains, nearly 100 people attended the fourth “Justice Monday” protest. The event was sponsored by the Westchester Social Justice Community and attended by politicians Catherine Borgia, David Buchwald, Ken Jenkins, and George Latimer, and Mayra Hidalgo Salazar, who serves as executive director of the Hudson Valley Community Coalition.^[100][101]

  Oregon[edit]

  Hundreds of people gathered at Free Speech Plaza in downtown Eugene and marched to Kesey Square. Oregon Strong Voice of Lane County, which has support from 26 different organizations, was represented at the event.^[102]

  

  “We the People: Marching in Resistance” rally participants in Portland, Oregon

  Two marches were organized in Portland.^[103] The “We the People: Marching in Resistance” rally included groups such as Oregon’s Union Movement, Basic Rights Oregon, Unite Oregon, and the Northwest Oregon Labor Council.^[104]The event was held at Director Park^[105] and the groups had a permit to march.^[106] Don’t Shoot Portland organized a demonstration in front of the Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt Federal Building, where a small group of protestors faced off with police.^[104] This second protest did not have a permit and consisted of a couple of hundred people.^[106] The police were in riot gear and pushed the crowd out of the street.^[104] Thirteen demonstrators were arrested for blocking traffic.^{[107][108][109]} One protester was tackled by the police and then shot with non-lethal projectiles.^[110] One man who was reportedly “one step off the curb” in the street was pushed to the ground by police, had his arms pinned to his back and was then pepper-sprayed in the face; and a woman was shoved to the sidewalk and then shot with “pepper balls” by police.^[111] Margaret Zebroski, aged 66, was also tackled and hurt by the police when she attempted to shield her 72-year-old friend from being pushed.^[111] Several of the people arrested were minors, with six young people, including a 14-year-old being cited.^[112][113] The adults were arrested on charges of disorderly conduct in the second degree, with one man also being charged with resisting arrest and giving false information to the police.^[114]

  

  Demonstrators in Portland

  The next day, there was a small demonstration in front of Portland mayor, Ted Wheeler‘s, house to protest the arrests.^[115] The group who protested outside of Wheeler’s home obtained a permit for the demonstration, however, the organizer, Gregory McKelvey, also said that the mayor is “perpetuating this idea we only get hurt or sprayed or physically beat because we don’t have a permit”.^[116] Wheeler later issued a statement in which he said that mistakes were made by the police during the event.^[117] He also said, “Yesterday we saw images of a woman in her sixties injured during an arrest. That isn’t good for democracy either.”^[118] The ACLU condemned the actions of Portland police and asked that the police force “end the violence against protesters. Stop the unnecessary use of crowd control weapons. Stop sending officers in riot gear to peaceful protests. Stop arresting organizers.”^[111] Following the arrests of the protesters and their treatment by police, Wheeler, police chief Mike Marshman, and the ACLU held discussions about tactics and policies relating to crowd control by the police.^[119]

  Pennsylvania[edit]

  In Philadelphia, demonstrators gathered at Thomas Paine Plaza to march in a rally called “Counter the Executive Orders”.^[58][120] There were about 300 protesters who participated in the three-hour event.^[121] State senator Art Haywood attended the Philadelphia rally and there was a family-friendly station set up for children of protesters.^[122] In Yeadon, Pennsylvania, a small group protested outside of the Yeadon Borough Hall.^[123]

  United Kingdom[edit]

  In London, an anti-Trump rally was held outside the Palace of Westminster as Parliament debated whether Trump should be allowed to visit the United Kingdom.^{[124][125][126]} The London organizers included the Stop Trump Coalition and One Day Without Us.^[127] In Orkney, two dozen protesters gathered to send postcards to Trump.^[128]

  Aftermath[edit]

  Reactions[edit]

  Victoria Taft of the Independent Journal Review called the use of President’s Day to protest the current president new and said, “Some would suggest that it’s downright disgraceful to use the day to protest.”^[129] Tucker Carlson, in an interview with Shane Saunders, a Not My President’s Day protester from Los Angeles, dismissed the protest actions completely, saying, “I’m making the mistake of taking you seriously.”^[130]

  A conservative Trump supporter in New York who attended the rally at the west end of Central Park said that the protesters are trying to “spark the end of civilization”.^[131] A Trump supporter in Port Richey told protesters, “He’s our president. He was elected,” and told WTSP News, “I feel like if they don’t like what’s going on, go ahead and move.”^[72] Another in San Diego said he went to the rally to support the president: “[Trump] needs support where other people go against him, even if it’s just one person at that moment.”^[132]

  In Atlanta, two women involved in the protest were struck by eggs thrown by three men in a pickup truck.^[133] In Pueblo, motorists shouted obscenities at protesters, with one person telling demonstrators to “get a job”.^[67] In Washington, D.C., two bikers for Trump surrounded the demonstration and attempted to drown out speakers by revving the motorcycle engines.^[134] A man standing in front of the White House with a megaphone yelled at the marchers to “Leave Trump alone!”^[135] The ACLU tweeted that the arrests of peaceful protesters in Portland was “shameful”.^[136] The organization also advised Mayor Wheeler to “revise crowd-control strategies”.^[137]

  Participants of Not My Presidents Day overall said that it was important to express themselves. Jenna Karvunidis, an organizer in Pasadena, said, “I’d like to show my children that you do have a right to speak out against something that’s unfair.”^[59] Will Allen in Washington, D.C., chose to protest the “incompetence of the Trump Administration”.^[134] Mercedes Vizcaino of New York said, “I think it’s important to take a stand and not be complicit about what’s going on in the country.”^[6]According to the Christian Science Monitor, most protesters felt that Trump did not represent them.^[135]

  Impact[edit]

  Organizers of the Not My Presidents Day events wanted to keep up the momentum of the resistance against Trump.^[14]Many of the newer organizers for events gained experience in working with a large amount of people.^[14]

  The event allowed individuals to “channel” their negative feelings about the Trump administration into something creative and positive.^[73] Susan Thames, in Williamsburg, told WAVY-TV that “the rally gave her the sense of being a part of a larger movement”.^[49]

  Participants of the rally in Austin wanted to use Not My Presidents Day to educate others and hoped that more people would get involved with expressing their opinions in politics. Amanda Barta, who organized the rally, said, “if you’re loud enough, if we vocalize something enough, if you come together enough, things can change.”^[23]

  United Voices Rally[edit]

  The United Talent Agency (UTA) cancelled its normal annual Oscars party and hosted a “Voices United” rally on February 24, 2017 which drew around 2,000 people.^[134] Jodie Foster, Michael J.Fox, Wilmer Valderrama and Keegan-Michael Key were featured speakers.^[135] Other speakers included California Lieutenant Governor, Gavin Newsom, the CEO of UTA, Jeremy Zimmer and Reza Aslan.^[136] The rally condemned the travel ban, the Trump administration’s immigration and heath reforms and called the political climate one of “fanaticism and nationalism.”^[137] The rally helped raise $320,000 for the ACLU and the International Rescue Committee.

  • February 21 – Protesters participated in a “Resist Trump Tuesday” protest in Chicago where 8 clergy members of different faiths were arrested.^[344]
  • February 22 – After the Trump administration rescinded the protections for transgender students to use school restrooms that correspond to their gender identity, protests took place. ^[345] There were around 200 people demonstrating in front of the White House in support of transgender students’ rights.^[346] The city council of Richmond, California passed a resolution which supported an investigation of Trump in relation to the Foreign Emoluments Clause of the Constitution.^[347]
  • February 24 – The United Talent Agency (UTA), which had already cancelled its Oscars party, hosted a rally against Trump, called “United Voices.”^[348] The event helped raise $320,000 for the ACLU and the International Rescue Committee.^[348] At the rally were Jodie Foster, Michael J. Fox, Keegan-Michael Key and other celebrities.^[349] There were nearly 2,000 attendees.^[348]
  • February 27 – A peaceful protest that stopped some traffic occurred in Minneapolis in the evening. The protest drew between 150 and 200 demonstrators who protested Trump and were in support of $15 minimum wage.^[350]
  • February 28 – Protesters in Vancouver demonstrated anti-Trump sentiment during the grand opening of the Trump hotel in Vancouver.^[351] Outside the White House, despite pouring rain, Rosie O’Donnell led a few hundred protesters against Trump.

  March 2017

  • March 1 – Protests against Trump using the hashtag, #CampusResistance, occurred on college campuses across the United States.^[353]
  • March 2 – Employees of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) protested proposed budget cuts for their department. There were a “few dozen” protesters at the Federal Plaza in Chicago.^[354]
  • March 3 – Around 1,000 protesters in Chicago demonstrated for transgender rights and against the Trump administration.^[355] In Palm Beach, around 100 protesters demonstrated against Trump, and one protester was arrested and given a traffic ticket and then released.^[356]
  • March 4 – Counter-protesters at Pro-Trump rallies (Spirit of America) occurred on March 4, with one protest, at Berkeley, becoming a violent clash between pro and anti-Trump groups.^[357] Ten people were arrested in connection with the violence and the protest briefly shut down the BART station at Berkeley.^[358] In Minneapolis, anti-Trump and pro-Trump supporters also clashed and six people were arrested for setting off firecrackers.^[359]
  • March 6 – A rally held outside of the White House against the new travel ban. Tom Perez was one of the speakers.^[360]

  Day Without a Woman

  Day Without a Woman
  House Democratic representatives heading down the United States Capitol stairs to meet demonstrators in Washington, D.C.
  Date	March 8, 2017

  A Day Without a Woman was a general strike held on March 8, 2017, on International Women’s Day. The strike, which was organized by two different groups—the 2017 Women’s March and a separate International Women’s Strike movement—asked that women not work that day to protest the policies of the administration of Donald Trump. Planning began before Trump’s November 2016 election. The movement was adopted and promoted by the Women’s March, and recommended actions inspired by the “Bodega Strike” and the Day Without Immigrants.

  Organizers in the U.S. encouraged women to refrain from working, spending money (or, alternatively, electing to shop only at “small, women- and minority-owned businesses”), and to wear red as a sign of solidarity.

  Platform[edit]

  The strike was organized by international coalitions of activists with a range of articulated demands.

  Platforms of U.S.-based organizers[edit]

  The American strike platform demanded “open borders,” freedom from “immigration raids,” and “the decolonization of Palestine” as ancillary goals to “emancipation of women.”^[1][2]

  The group of 8 well-known activists who issued the first call for a March 8, 2017 strike in the United States described it as “anti-capitalist,” “anti-racist, anti-imperialist, anti-heterosexist,” “anti-neoliberal,” and opposed to “the violence of the market, of debt, of capitalist property relations, and of the state; the violence of discriminatory policies against lesbian, trans and queer women; the violence of state criminalization of migratory movements.”^[3]

  Planning[edit]

  International[edit]

  The strike was worldwide, planning began in Poland in October 2016,^[4] before the election of Trump.^[5]

  United States[edit]

  On February 6, eight political activists including Linda Martín Alcoff, Cinzia Arruzza, Rasmea Odeh, Tithi Bhattacharya, Nancy Fraser, Barbara Ransby, Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, and Angela Davis called for a March 8 strike in the United States.^[3][6] Later that morning, organizers of the 2017 Women’s March against the Trump administration endorsed the idea of a general strike without specifying a date.^[7] On February 14 organizers of the January Women’s March endorsed the March 8 strike,^[6][8] raising questions about what group was in charge and what the goals and scope of the protest would be.^[9] Other groups had called for general strikes as well.^[10]

  Journalists noted how women’s marches and multi-issue general strikes had effected changes outside the United States.^[11][12] Most notably, the International Women’s Strike encouraged women around the world to go on strike on the same day as the Women’s March strike.^[4]

  The Women’s March organizers, which included political activists Angela Davis and Linda Sarsour,^[13] encouraged all participating women, regardless of whether they were striking, to take similar actions as those taken during the “Bodega Strike” and the Day Without Immigrants—not shopping, except at small businesses and businesses owned by women and minorities;^[14][15] and wearing red in solidarity,^[16][14] since red has traditionally been the color of labor movements around the world.^[15] The organizers also asked participants to not work on that day, either in paid or unpaid labor.^[14][17][15] Men participating in the strike could show support by performing that day’s housework and childcare duties.^[15] A week after the original announcement, the event’s organizers announced the strike’s date as March 8, 2017, which was when that year’s International Women’s Day occurred.^[17][18]

  Uber let its employees know that they were free to take the day off to participate in the protest.^[19] Microsoft, MTV News, Teen Vogue, Bustle, Jezebel, Fusion, the Cut, The A.V. Club, and Twitter also allowed women employees to take the day off.^[20]

  Strike actions[edit]

  See also: International Women’s Strike and Strike 4 Repeal

  An International Women’s Day strike took place in over 50 different countries and in 400 cities across the world.^[21] There were tens of thousands of women in Poland demonstrating for women’s rights.^[22]

  In the United States[edit]

  

  Demonstrators in front of San Francisco City Hall

  There were around 1,000 demonstrators outside of Trump Tower in New York City.^[23] Four of the primary organizers of the march—Tamika Mallory, Linda Sarsour, Carmen Perez, and Bob Bland—were arrested for obstruction of traffic outside the Trump International Hotel and Tower on New York City’s Columbus Circle.^[24][25] Los Angeles held a large demonstration at Grand Park.^[26] In San Francisco, a rally at City Hall drew over a thousand people.^[27]

  In Washington, D.C., House Democratic representatives walked out of the Capitol^[28]in an action of solidarity with the protester.^[29] An event called “Women Workers Rising” happened in front of the U.S. Department of Labor.^[21]

  Late night entertainment shows in the United States, such as Full Frontal with Samantha Bee, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and the Late Late Show with James Corden, all had skits and guests celebrating the strike.^[30]

  Impact[edit]

  

  Baltimore rally participants

  Some school districts in the United States were shut down because of the number of teachers that requested the day off.^[31] Schools in Alexandria, Virginia, and in Prince George’s County Public Schools in Maryland were closed.^[31] Chapel Hill-Carrboro City Schools in North Carolina,^[32] and Center City Public Charter Schools in Washington, D.C., were also closed.^[33]

  The municipal court in Providence, Rhode Island, was closed because of the number of women who participated in the strike.^[32]

  Criticism[edit]

  Some criticism of the strike was aimed at the sense of white privilege critics felt was present.^[34] These critics felt that the idea was a good one, but felt that only women in good economic situations, mostly consisting of white women, would be able to take part, as women of color (who disproportionately make up minimum-wage jobs) would not have the freedom to take time off work without the fear of losing their jobs.^[34][35]

  In response to this criticism, strike organizers pointed out that other strikers in different eras were not considered “privileged”. Sarsour said, “We honor the women who striked in the Montgomery bus boycott…Are those privileged women? What about the farmworkers that said ‘we will not pick this produce without worker’s protections?’ Were those people privileged?

  • March 10 – Thousands of protesters marched from the US Army Corps of Engineers headquarters to the White House to protest the Dakota Pipeline decision by Trump.^[362]
  • March 12 – In Baltimore, several groups protested the revised travel ban.^[363] On Sunday morning, an anonymous environmental group carved the message “NO MORE TIGERS. NO MORE WOODS.” into the greens of the Trump National Golf Club in Rancho Palos Verdes.^[364] On the same day, in Brentwood, Los Angeles, roughly 50-60 people protested outside the offices of Breitbart News aiming to “hold the Trump Administration accountable for its unprecedented assault on the free press.”^[365]
  • March 14 – Tech industry workers protested Trump’s policies on Pi Day.^[366] There were a few hundred protesters in Palo Alto.^[367]
  • March 15 – Hundreds of protesters demonstrated outside of a Trump rally in Nashville.^[368] A physician, Carol Paris, interrupted the rally with a sign reading “Improved Medicare for All” and when she was met with boos from the crowd, Trump stopped speaking and she was asked to leave.^[369] In Detroit, about 300 protesters demonstrated at the Willow Run Airport and denounced Trump’s environmental policies.^[370]
  • March 17 – A small protest against Trump took in took place in Aspen.^[371] In New York, the “Irish Stand” event took place. It was led by Aodhán Ó Riordáin in Riverside Church and opposed Trump’s stance on immigration.^[372]
  • March 18 – Protests in London, Cardiff and Glasgow against Brexit and Trump’s “anti-migrant hysteria.”^[373]
  • March 20 – Hundreds of protesters on Monday waved signs and gave fiery speeches at the gates to Freedom Hall ahead President Donald Trump’s visit to tout his plan to replace Obamacare, booing as Air Force One passed overhead for landing. ^[374][375]
  • March 25 – Trump supporters clashed with Protesters after the Trump supporters path were blocked by the protesters.^[376]
  • March 28 – Anti-Trump Protesters Gather Outside Senator Cornyn’s Houston Office and voice their opinion.

  April 2017

  

  Tax March demonstrators outside the United States Capitol

  • April 1 – Hundreds of protesters showed up for a “dance party” protest outside of Ivanka Trump’s Washington, D.C. home.^[378]
  • April 2 – Around 300 people, both pro and anti Trump came to a rally at Esther Short Park.^[379]
  • April 3 – Protesters displayed a banner with the words “Impeach Trump” at the opening day game at Nationals Park.^[380]
  • April 4 – Movie theaters across the United States and in five other countries screened 1984 in a protest against Donald Trump.^[381][382]
  • April 9 – More than 3,000 people came to the Dallas MegaMarch demonstration to protest Trump’s immigration policies.^[383][384] Protests against Trump’s strike on Syria occurred in Milwaukee.^[385]
  • April 10 – Children and young adults from the group, We Belong Together, start their spring break trip to Washington D.C. to protest Trump. They first protested on Monday outside of Mayor Carlos Gimenez’s office because the mayor of Miami-Dade County has agreed to work with Trump.^[386]
  • April 11 – Protests against both Trump and Representative Marsha Blackburn took place in Clarksville, Tennessee.^[387]
  • April 12 – The “first protest in space” was carried out by the Autonomous Space Agency Network (ASAN) by printing a tweet against Trump and flown into the near-space atmosphere.^[388]
  • April 13 – Around 25 protesters from the group, “Rise and Resist” were arrested while protesting immigration policies at Trump Tower.^[389] Around 200 young people and other activists from We Belong Together protested in front of the White House.^[390]

  Tax March

  This article is about the 2017 protests. For the 2009 protest, see Taxpayer March on Washington.

  Tax March (Trump’s Tax Day)
  Part of protests against Donald Trump
  Date	April 15, 2017
  Causes	Donald Trump‘s refusal to release his tax returns as promised
  Methods	Protest march
  taxmarch.org

  The Tax March (also known as the Tax Day March and Trump’s Tax Day) was a series of demonstrations held in more than 150 locations throughout the United States on April 15, 2017.^[1] The intent was to pressure U.S. President Donald Trump to release his tax returns.^[2]

  At least 180 march events were organized in the United States and abroad.^[3][4] The protests were a response to the perceived lack of transparency in the Trump administration, and the fact that President Trump still had not released his tax returns by that date, contrary to his promise that he would.^[5][6][7] April 15 is the traditional deadline for filing income tax returns in the United States, though in 2017 the deadline is April 18 as the 15th fell on a Saturday.^[8]

  Background[edit]

  The march organizers demanded that President Trump release his IRS tax returns, as he promised he would during his campaign.^[9] Tax Day protests have been held since the 1990s and earlier, although until then typically by libertarian groups.^{[10][not in citation given]} The Tea Party movement got started in part with a Tax Day protest on April 15, 2009.^[11]

  After 300,000 American citizens signed an online petition on WhiteHouse.gov in January 2017, Trump spokesperson Kellyanne Conway announced Trump would not release his tax returns due to lack of interest.^[12] In response, a Tax Day March was planned for April 15, 2017, to be held in over two dozen major cities in the U.S., to pressure Trump to release his tax returns.^{[13][2][14][15]}

  The idea for the march was originally proposed on Twitter on January 22, 2017 by law professor Jennifer Taub, followed soon after by comedian Frank Lesser.^[16][17] Some Tax Day march events were planned independently, without awareness of the tweets by Taub or Lesser.^[18]

  Unlike most liberal protests in the United States, the Tax March did not focus on broad issues, but instead focused on a specific demand.^[19]

  Organizers and participating groups[edit]

  Taub, who proposed the march idea on Twitter, later joined the executive committee for the march.^[16] Lesser has also helped plan and publicize the event.^[18]

  Groups convening for the march included the American Federation of Teachers, Color of Change, Democracy Spring, Media Matters for America, MoveOn.org, the National Education Association, the National Women’s Law Center, and Public Citizen.^[20][21]

  In early April 2017, march organizers wrote letters to Republican Congress members who had called on Trump to release his tax returns, asking them to attend the march and to “hold the President accountable”.^[8]

  Planning[edit]

  

  A “Trump chicken” stands across from San Francisco City Hall.

  Marches were planned, and took place in over 150 cities throughout the United States.^[22][23][17] Marches in at least eighteen U.S. cities featured giant inflatable chickens, originally designed by a graphic artist in Seattle and manufactured in Zhejiang, China for the Chinese Lunar New Year (for the Year of the Rooster). The San Francisco Tax March organizer who ordered the first inflatables felt that they symbolized that “Donald Trump was a big chicken for not releasing his taxes.”^[24][25] Organizers using the Tax Day’s Facebook page chose to focus events on “government transparency, conflicts of interest and an unfair tax system,” according to CNBC.^[26]

  Locations[edit]

  National[edit]

  TIME reported that the demographics of the protesters for the Tax March were somewhat older than other protests against Trump, such as the Women’s March.^[19] Many people wore pink hats from the Women’s March while others brought plastic chickens or wore Russian-themed hats.^[26]

  Washington, D.C.[edit]

  

  Demonstrators outside the United States Capitol

  The march in Washington, D.C. began with a rally at the U.S. Capitol, with speeches from Democratic lawmakers including Senator Ron Wyden and Representatives Maxine Waters and Jamie Raskin.^[20][27] Organizers expected up to 10,000 people to attend the D.C. march.^[17] Thousands of demonstrators attended the march.^[28][29]

  California[edit]

  In Los Angeles, the march began at 11 a.m. at Pershing Square, Fifth, and Oliver streets. It ended at Los Angeles City Hall, with speakers being lawmakers from the local and state levels. An estimated 10,000 to 12,000 people were reported to have attended the demonstration in Los Angeles.^[30] Justine Bateman was also one of the speakers at the event.^[31]

  There were hundreds of marchers in Sacramento, some wearing costumes.^[32]

  Around 3,000 people showed up for a march in San Diego.^[33] The march took place in the downtown area.^[34]

  Thousands attended a rally and march from San Francisco City Hall, which featured speakers including House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi and David Cay Johnston, the journalist who received and revealed a portion of Trump’s tax return on The Rachel Maddow Show in March 2017.^[35][36][37] San Francisco Board of Supervisors member Jane Kim stated at the rally, “I’m not afraid to call Trump an enemy of this state.”^[36]

  Over 1,000 marchers filled the downtown streets in Santa Cruz.^[38]

  Colorado[edit]

  The March in Denver, Colorado started at 10 am at the Civic Center Park, went through the downtown area and then returned to the park.^[39] Speakers included Representative Jared Polis, Nathan Woodliff-Stanley of the ACLU, and state representatives Joseph Salazar, Chris Hansen and Edie Hooton.^[39]

  Florida[edit]

  Sarasota saw 2,000 protesters attend the Tax Day March held at Bayfront Park.^[40] Around 1,000 activists gathered at Trump Tower in West Palm Beach, Florida and marched to Bingham Island, which was close to the Mar-a-Lago resort, where Trump planned to stay the weekend. Protesters were reported to have yelled slogans such as “no more secrets” near the resort.^[41][42]

  Illinois[edit]

  

  Demonstrators in Chicago

  The march in Chicago, Illinois has scheduled speakers including Reverend Jesse Jackson and U.S. representatives Mike Quigley and Jan Schakowsky.^[43] The March drew an estimated 2000 – 4000 people. [1]

  Michigan[edit]

  There were 1,300 demonstrators in Ann Arbor.^[44] Representative Debbie Dingell, state representatives, Yousef Rabhi and Kristy Pagan, Susan Baskett, Michelle Deatrick, Robert Joseph and Eli Savit were speakers at the Ann Arbor rally.^[44] The march was co-organized by Michigan to Believe In and Progressives at the University of Michigan. The march went through downtown and culminated with a rally on the Diag at the University of Michigan.^[44]

  Similar Michigan tax marches were held in Ann Arbor, Farmington, Hamtramck , Grand Rapids, Pentwater and Marquette per the The Detroit News.^[45]

  Minnesota[edit]

  

  Demonstrators outside the Minnesota State Capitol

  There were around 300 protesters in Saint Paul for the Tax March.^[46] State auditor, Rebecca Otto, spoke at the rally.^[46] The rally gathered in front of the Minnesota State Capitol.^[47]

  Nevada[edit]

  Around 200 protesters gathered around Trump International in Las Vegas.^[48] One person, a journalist, was arrested for “trespassing on private property” while filming the protest.^[48] Three other peple were detained, but eventually released in the protest.^[31]Reno held a rally with 500 people at Wingfield Park.^[49]

  New Jersey[edit]

  Rallies took place in Mays Landing, Newton, and Plainfield in New Jersey.^[50] In Newark, New Jersey, there were around 100 people who gathered in Federal Square.^[50]

  New York[edit]

  

  The march in New York City as captured by Voice of America

  Early estimates suggested that the march in New York City attracted 5,000 demonstrators. The march route ran from Bryant Park to Central Park, passing Trump Tower on Fifth Avenue, the former home of Donald Trump.^[51] Comedian Sarah Silverman spoke at the New York City protest.^[1] In Buffalo, New York, despite the rain, around 200 marchers turned out. The Buffalo march included organizations such as ACTion Buffalo, Buffalo Resists, Huddle for the 27th, We the People and Citizen Action of WNY.^[52] There were 80 New Hartford residents demonstrated to call on Trump to show his tax returns.^[53]

  North Carolina[edit]

  Groups in Raleigh, North Carolina walked around the State Capitol to demand that Trump release his taxes.^[54] There were hundreds of demonstrators at the March which was organized by Progress NC Action.^[55]

  Ohio[edit]

  

  Signs at a Cincinnati demonstration

  In Cleveland, the event was called “Cleveland Tax March for People, Peace and Planet: Meet People’s Needs Not Corporate Greed,” and started out in Willard Park, next to the Free Stamp statue.^[56] Marchers moved past the Federal Building and then walked to Cleveland State University. Organizers collected hundreds of letters to Ohio senators from those participating which express their desire to have Trump release his taxes.^[56]

  Oregon[edit]

  

  Protesters in Portland

  More than 1,000 protests attended the march in Portland.^[57] The rally started at 1:30 pm at Terry Schrunk Plaza, and returned to the venue at 2:30 pm. The route for the march is said to have been similar to that of the Women’s March on Portland that was organised in January 2017. Post-march activities were said to have continued at the Plaza until 4 pm.^[58] The Facebook page for the Portland march has shown that more than 1,600 people have attended.^[59][60]

  Pennsylvania[edit]

  

  Demonstrators in Philadelphia

  Protesters marched in Philadelphia, Pennslyvania.^[50] The Philadelphia marchers took a route from City Hall and ended at Independence Hall.^[50] Police estimated that there were around 2,000 protesters; the rally was peaceful.^[61] The leader of the march was Devan Spear who is an organizer of the Penn Student Labor Action Project. The march also featured a giant, inflatable chicken.^[61]

  South Carolina[edit]

  A small protest took place in Columbia, South Carolina, in front of the State House.^[62] In Myrtle Beach, Grand Strand Action Together organized a march which took place at the Market Common.^[63]

  Texas[edit]

  In Austin, over a thousand demonstrators rallied at the state Capitol.^[64] Protesters in Fort Worth marched down Main Street and then rallied at the Tarrant County Courthouse.^[65] Representative Sheila Jackson Lee was at the Houston Tax March to support protesters.^[66] Hundreds marched in Houston to demand release of Trump’s tax forms.^[67] People also brought dogs to the march with signs on their collars.^[67]

  Utah[edit]

  There were hundreds of marchers in Salt Lake City, Utah. A 10-foot tall “Chicken Don”, a large white inflatable chicken stood on the steps of the Salt Lake City and County Building.^[68] In the rally, signs and speakers mentioned varied topics including immigration, the Russians, air pollution and the Bears Ears National Monument. The crowd was reported to have chanted “Lock him up!” in unison.^[69]

  Washington State[edit]

  The march in Seattle occurred on the same day, though not at the same time, as the Black Lives Matter 2.0 March.^[70]Thousands of people attended the protests, both of which demanded that Trump release his tax returns. The first protest began at 10 am in front of the Internal Revenue Service office, with a number of speeches from local politicians and activists, including U.S. Representative Pramila Jayapal of Seattle, who ended her speech telling a crowd of around 2,000 people that President Trump’s assertion that “only reporters” care about his tax returns is “fake news”. The second protest began at around 2 pm, and was organized by local Black Lives Matter activists.^[71]

  International[edit]

  International marches were organized in cities including Stuttgart, Germany, Tokyo, Japan, Auckland, New Zealand and London, United Kingdom.^[23]

  Aftermath[edit]

  Official reactions[edit]

  When asked to comment on the march by The Washington Post on April 13, the White House referred to remarks made earlier in the week by press secretary Sean Spicer, who stated that the President is under IRS audit but has been transparent with his finances.^[17] On Easter Sunday, April 16, 2017, Trump tweeted twice about the Tax March. First he tweeted, “I did what was an almost an impossible thing to do for a Republican-easily won the Electoral College! Now Tax Returns are brought up again?”^[72] and then, “Someone should look into who paid for the small organized rallies yesterday. The election is over!”^[73]

  Reactions[edit]

  Scarlett Bustos, vice chair of Tax March Sacramento, said “When the administration said that he wasn’t going to release his tax returns, he said the people don’t care, and we’re here to show that nationally that the people do care.”^[32] Protesters have also appealed to their representatives to urge Trump to release his taxes.^[55]

  David Myers, a professor at University of California, Irvine said that the march “kind of trolls Donald Trump, and then he almost always responds badly and says something stupid.”^[11] Jason Silverstein of the New York Daily News commented, “Apparently unable to decide whether the election talk must end or must continue, Trump was also egged by the latest flareups over his tax returns, which even this year’s tax filing season has failed to unveil.”^[74] Nick Merrell tweeted a response to Trump’s reaction, “Congratulations, you just confirmed for every single person that marched yesterday that it was well worth their time.”^[75]

  Counter-protests[edit]

  Some Trump supporters planned counter-protests. Pro-Trump rallies were scheduled for April 15 in Colorado Springs, Colorado^[76] and Berkeley, California.^[77] The Berkeley demonstration, which was not officially related to the Tax March, turned violent, with pro- and anti-Trump groups clashing, and over a dozen arrests.^[78] No arrests were made at the Colorado Springs rally.

  March for Science

  The March for Science (formerly known as the Scientists’ March on Washington)^[5] was a series of rallies and marches held in Washington, D.C., and more than 600 other cities across the world on Earth Day, April 22, 2017.^[6][7][8] According to organizers, the march is a non-partisan movement to celebrate science and the role it plays in everyday lives.^[9] The goals of the marches and rallies were to emphasize that science upholds the common good and to call for evidence-based policy in the public’s best interest.^[8][10]

  The March for Science organizers and supporters say that support for science should be nonpartisan.^[11][12][13] The march is being organized by scientists skeptical of the agenda of the Trump administration,^[12] and critical of Trump administration policies widely viewed as hostile to science.^[14] The march’s website states that an “American government that ignores science to pursue ideological agendas endangers the world.”^[11][12]

  Particular issues of science policy raised by the marchers include support for evidence-based policymaking,^[14] as well as support for government funding for scientific research, government transparency, and government acceptance of the scientific consensus on climate change and evolution.^[11][12] The march is part of growing political activity by American scientists in the wake of the November 2016 elections and the 2017 Women’s March.^[14][13][15]

  Robert N. Proctor, a historian of science at Stanford University, stated that the March for Science was “pretty unprecedented in terms of the scale and breadth of the scientific community that’s involved” and was rooted in “a broader perception of a massive attack on sacred notions of truth that are sacred to the scientific community.”

  Background[edit source]

  Founding Fathers and past presidents[edit source]

  Several Founding Fathers of the United States had an interest in science. Benjamin Franklin was a scientist with his foundational discoveries on electricity.^[17] “Like Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, James Madison, and George Washington were all avid students of the natural and physical world.”^[18]

  A number of later presidents had interests in science and promoted pro-science policies; these include Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush^[19] and Barack Obama.^[20][21] A 2010 editorial in the scientific journalNature warned of “a growing anti-science streak on the American right” and argued that the rising trend threatened the country’s future, which “crucially depends on education, science and technology.”^[22][23] Writing in the Scientific American, Shawn Lawrence Otto, author of The War On Science,^[24] wrote: “It is hard to know exactly when it became acceptable for U.S. politicians to be antiscience.”^[25]

  Donald Trump[edit source]

  As a candidate in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Donald Trump referred to climate change as a hoax.^[26] He also promised to resume construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline and roll back U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations adopted by the Obama administration.^[27]

  After Trump’s election, his transition team sought out specific U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) employees who had worked on climate change during the Obama administration.^[28] Prior to Trump’s inauguration, many climate scientists began downloading climate data from government websites that they feared might be deleted by the Trump administration.^[29] Other actions taken or promised by the Trump administration inspired the march, including pulling out of the Paris Agreement,^[26] the stances of his Cabinet nominees, the freezing of research grants,^[30] and a gag order placed on scientists in the EPA regarding dissemination of their research findings.^[1][31][32] In February 2017, William Happer, a possible Trump science advisor with skeptical views on human caused global warming, described an area of climate science as “really more like a cult” and its practitioners “glassy-eyed”.^[33] ScienceInsider reported Trump’s first budget request as “A grim budget day for U.S. science” because it contained major funding cuts to NOAA‘s research and satellite programs, the EPA’s Office of Research and Development, the DOE’s Office of Science and energy programs, the U.S. Geological Survey, the National Institutes of Health, and other science agencies.^[34]

  Planning[edit source]

  

  Bill Nye

  The idea to create a march was inspired by the 2017 Women’s March of January 21, 2017, and originated from a discussion in Reddit.^[1][35] The organization created a Facebook group, which grew from 200 members to 300,000 in less than a week.^[36][35] Individual scientists have both applauded and criticized this development.^[37]

  It was announced on March 30 that Bill Nye, Mona Hanna-Attisha, and Lydia Villa-Komaroff would headline the march, and serve as honorary co-chairs.^[2] The protest was set to occur on Earth Day,^[38] with satellite rallies planned in hundreds of cities across the world.^[6]

  During the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) annual meeting in Boston, scientists held the “Rally to Stand Up for Science” at Copley Square on February 19.^[39][40] Before April, enthusiasts found existing knitting patterns for a hat shaped like a brain and proposed it as a symbol of solidarity for the march in analogy with the pussyhat project.^[41]

  Participation[edit source]

  This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2017)

  Main march in Washington[edit source]

  The main march in Washington, D.C. proceeded to the National Mall where scientists and others discussed their work and the importance of evidence-based policy.^[42] Speakers included Questlove, Dan Abrams and Bill Foster.^[43] The number of independent marches was estimated at more than 600.^[44]

  Other marches in the United States[edit source]

  City	State	Approximate attendance	Notes
  Los Angeles	California	50,000[45]	The march went from Pershing Square to City Hall with speeches by Lucy Jones, Tom Steyer and Allison Schroeder beginning at noon.[46]
  New York	New York	Tens of thousands[47]	Amidst rainstorms, thousands gathered in midtown Manhattan on Broadway from 59th Street to Times Square, calling upon Trump “to reconsider proposed government budget cuts that could affect the future of the field.”[48]
  Chicago	Illinois	40,000[49]	Police requested that people stop arriving when the event drew more participants than expected.[49]
  Dallas	Texas		The march went from Dallas City Hall and ended at Fair Park.[50]
  Philadelphia	Pennsylvania	20,000[51]
  San Francisco	California	15,000[52]	An “enthusiastic and peaceful crowd” gathered at Justin Herman Plaza, where scientists addressed the crowd before a march from Market Street to Civic Center, where activities and events were held.[53]
  San Diego	California	15,000[54]	Demonstrators marched from Civic Center to Waterfront Park holding a wide variety of signs. Climatologist Ralph Keeling of the UC San Diego Scripps Institution of Oceanography spoke to the crowd.[54]
  Sacramento	California	10,000-15,000[55]
  Ann Arbor	Michigan	10,000-15,000[56]	Thousands rallied on the Diag at the University of Michigan.[56]
  St. Paul	Minnesota	10,000[57]	The march proceeded from Cathedral Hill Park to the Minnesota State Capitol.[57]
  Cleveland	Ohio	10,000+[58]	The rally took place in Public Square in downtown Cleveland. “No immediate crowd estimates were available, but the crowd appeared to be as large as the one here for January’s Women’s March, which drew 15,000. Late in the day, city event planners estimated that 10,000 participated.”[58]
  San Jose	California	10,000[52]	The event was called March for Science Silicon Valley.[59][60] The march left San Jose City Hall and traveled to Plaza de César Chávez, where Stanford University biophysicist and Nobel laureate William Moerner, neuroscientist and actress Mayim Bialik, and others were to speak.[52]
  Madison	Wisconsin	4,000-5,000[61]	March ended at the University of Wisconsin–Madison‘s Library Mall. Speakers included chemistry professor Bassam Shakhashiri and Tia Nelson, daughter of Earth Day founder Gaylord Nelson.[62] Madison also held its Climate March the same day.[63]
  Corvallis	Oregon	4,000-5,000[64]	An estimated 4,000 to 5,000 people participated in the event…[64]
  Santa Cruz	California	4,000[52]
  Albuquerque	New Mexico	4,000[65]	About 4,000 science supporters gathered at Civic Plaza; scientists from the University of New Mexico, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Nature Conservancy spoke at the event.[65]
  Tallahassee	Florida	4,000+[66][67]	More than 4,000 people marched from Railroad Square to the Old Florida Capitol. Florida State University oceanography professor Jeff Chanton and others spoke.[66][67]
  Nashville	Tennessee	4,000[68]	Some 4,000 people turned out for the March for Science and Climate, held in downtown Nashville’s Legislative Plaza.[68]
  Des Moines	Iowa	3,000[69]	The demonstration took place at the Iowa State Capitol.[69]
  Detroit	Michigan	3,000[70]	Thousands joined the March for Science Detroit at Hart Plaza.[70]
  Columbus	Ohio	2,000[71]-3,000[72]	Thousands rallied at the Ohio Statehouse, followed by a march to Columbus Commons where other events were held.[72]
  Anchorage	Alaska	2,000[73]
  Oklahoma City	Oklahoma	2,000[74]
  Asheville	North Carolina	2,000[75]	The march started at Aston Park and continued to the Vance Monument.[75]
  Eugene	Oregon	2,000[76]	Participants rallied at the campus of the University of Oregon in Eugene before marching to the federal courthouse. U.S. Representative Peter DeFazio spoke.[76]
  Milwaukee	Wisconsin	2,000[77]	Rally participants gathered at Red Arrow Park and marched in downtown Milwaukee. In addition to the Trump administration’s proposed cuts to science and research, rally participants also expressed opposition to the administration’s proposals to cut the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative from from the federal budget.[77]
  Buffalo	New York	2,000[78]	An estimated 2,000 people marched from Soldier Circle to Delaware Park.[78]
  Boston	Massachusetts	Thousands[79]	Held on Boston Common on a rainy day, speakers included former EPA director Gina McCarthy, who warned that EPA budget cuts “could roll back progress on our air and water quality that could weaken health protections for millions of Americans,” and George M. Church of Harvard and MIT.[80] Several thousand people attended.[79]
  Seattle	Washington	Thousands[81]	Thousands marched from Cal Anderson Park in the Capitol Hill neighborhood to Seattle Center.[81] Biochemist and University of Washington professor emeritus Eddy Fischer, the winner of the 1992 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, attended.[82]
  Austin	Texas	Thousands[83]	Thousands gathered on the south lawn of the Texas Capitol, beginning the event with teach-ins.[83]
  Atlanta	Georgia	Thousands[84]	Thousands gathered at Candler Park.[84]
  Albany	New York	Thousands[85]	Thousands gathered at West Capitol Park in front of the New York State Capitol.[85]
  Portland	Oregon	Thousands[86]	Thousands of demonstrators, including many young families, turned out to the Tom McCall Waterfront Park for Portland’s March for Science rally. U.S. Representatives Suzanne Bonamici and Earl Blumenauer, among others, addressed the crowd.[86]
  Denver	Colorado	Thousands[87]	Thousands of scientists, teachers, students and supporters of science from cities across Colorado participated.[87]
  Salt Lake City	Utah	Thousands[88]	Several thousand people marched in Salt Lake City, gathering at City Creek Park and walking to the Utah State Capitol.[88]Nobel laureate Mario Capecchi, a professor at the University of Utah, addressed the crowd.[89][89] Rallies were also held at four other cities in Utah: Logan, Moab, Park City, and Saint George.[89]
  Orlando	Florida	Thousands[90]	Thousands marched through Lake Eola Park. Orlando Mayor Buddy Dyer attended.[90]
  Rochester	New York	1,800+[91]
  Huntsville	Alabama	1,100[92]	The march ended at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center.[92]
  Gainesville	Florida	1,000+[93]
  Monterey	California	1,000+[94]
  Miami	Florida	1,000+[95]	More than a thousand people rallied at Museum Park, where a number of speakers addressed the crowd.[95]
  Portland	Maine	1,000[96]
  Chattanooga	Tennessee	1,000[97]	Around a thousand people gathered in Chattanooga’s Main Terrain Art Park to show support for science and oppose the Trump administration’s proposed cuts to science research.
  Reno	Nevada	1,000[98]
  Boise	Idaho	1,000[99]
  Omaha	Nebraska	1,000[100]	A thousand marchers walked from Elmwood Park to Aksarben Village.[100]
  Trenton	New Jersey	Nearly 1,000[101]	Marchers walked from Trenton War Memorial to the New Jersey State House Annex, calling for environmental protection and climate change action.[101]
  Colorado Springs	Colorado	800-1000[102]	Demonstrators gathered outside Colorado Springs City Hall in favor of science and opposed to anti-intellectualism and climate change denial.[102]
  Morgantown	West Virginia	500[103]	About 500 people gathered outside West Virginia University‘s Woodburn Hall before the march.[103]
  Iowa City	Iowa	400[104]	Several East Iowans spoke at the Pentacrest before a march through downtown Iowa City took place.[104]
  Cedar Falls	Iowa	300[105]	The march and rally took place at Overman Park with Senator David Johnson as the first speaker.[105]
  Livermore	California	300-400[52]	Participants gathered at Livermore High School.[52]
  Geneva	Illinois	300[106]	The march started at Geneva train station and ended at Island Park. Attendance was noted to be higher than expected.[106]
  New Orleans	Louisiana	Hundreds[107]	Hundreds gathered at New Orleans City Hall, including a “sizable contingent” of scientists belonging to the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA), which was holding its annual conference in the city.[107] The AAPA had canceled its plenary session so that participants could attend the March for Science.[108]
  Little Rock	Arkansas	Hundreds[109]	Hundreds gathered in Little Rock; the march was organized by the local Sierra Club and the Museum of Discovery.[109]
  Lincoln	Nebraska	Hundreds[110]	Started at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and marched to the Nebraska State Capitol.[110]
  West Palm Beach	Florida	Hundreds[111]	Several hundred gathered at two events: a Meyer Amphitheater gathering and a march from Dreher Park to Trump’s Mar-a-Lago in Palm Beach.[111]
  Syracuse	New York	Hundreds[112]
  Portsmouth	New Hampshire	Hundreds[113]	Several hundred from around the Seacoast Region rallied at Market Square.[113]
  Riverside	California	Hundreds[114]	Hundreds marched from the Superior Court building to City Hall.[114]
  Pittsburgh	Pennsylvania	Hundreds[115]	Hundreds rallied outside the Cathedral of Learning on the University of Pittsburgh campus.[115]
  Montpelier	Vermont	Hundreds[93]	The rally took place on the Vermont State House lawn.[116][116]
  San Antonio	Texas	Hundreds[117]	Hundreds rallied at San Pedro Park and marched at San Antonio College, “advocating for a broad spectrum of scientific concerns.”[117]
  Lexington	Kentucky	Hundreds[118]	Hundreds marched in the rain.[118]
  Athens	Georgia	Hundreds[119]	Marchers gathered outside the federal Courthouse.[84]
  Paducah	Kentucky	80+[120]	Marchers from western Kentucky participated in cold and damp weather.[120]
  Burlington	Vermont[116]
  Concord	New Hampshire[116]
  Huntington	West Virginia[103]
  Orono	Maine	200-300[121]	[T]he rally on the University of Maine’s campus drew an estimated 200 to 300 scientists, future scientists and their supporters to Orono.[121]
  Gouldsboro	Maine[122]
  Machias	Maine[122]
  Sanford	Maine[122]
  Unity	Maine[122]

  • 

    Monterey, CA

  • 

    Portland, Oregon

  • 

    Tallahassee, Florida

  • 

    New York City

  • 

    Chicago

  • 

    San Francisco

  • 

    Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan

  • 

    Lexington, KY

  International[edit source]

  City	Country	Approximate attendance	Notes
  Berlin	Germany	11,000[123][124][125]
  London	United Kingdom	10,000[126]	Marching took place between the Science Museum and Parliament Square. Jon Butterworth called the issue “not very partisan” in the UK.[126]
  Paris	France	5,000[127]
  Melbourne	Australia	4,000[128]	Marchers walked to Parliament House, Melbourne. Former Labor science minister Barry Jones addressed the crowd.[128]
  Toronto	Canada	3,000[129]	Marchers walked from Nathan Phillips Square to Queen’s Park to “celebrate Canadian science and the role that science plays in our society … and to stand in solidarity with American scientists who are facing obvious struggles with the current government and its support for science.”[129]
  Sydney	Australia	3,000[128]	University of New South Wales climate scientist Angela Maharaj, sociologist Eva Cox, and former Liberal Party leader John Hewson addressed a crowd of 3,000.[128]
  Munich	Germany	3,000[125][130]
  Canberra	Australia	1,000+	More than 1,000 people gathered at Parliament House. Climate change expert Will Steffen of Australian National University spoke.[131]
  Ottawa	Canada	600-700[132]
  Vancouver	Canada	500+[133]	At least 500 marchers made their way to Science World.[133]
  Dublin	Ireland	600[134]	An estimated 600 scientists and science supporters marched to the Dáil.[134]
  Montreal	Canada	Hundreds[135]
  Halifax	Canada	250[136]
  Zagreb	Croatia	1000+[137]
  Kangerlussuaq	Greenland	20	About 20 people in this tiny outpost of 499 people participated. The rally was organized by a Ph.D. student at the University of Colorado who is studying the ice sheet.[138][139]
  Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard	Norway	7[140]	A team of seven Norwegian scientists stationed in the Arctic Circle posed in front of a statue of Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen in support of the march.[140]
  Neumayer-Station III	Antarctica	7[140]	Seven German scientists, stationed in the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research‘s Antarctic research station Neumayer-Station III over the winter, exited the station to show their support for the march. Weather conditions were reported to be below freezing with twenty-six mile per hour wind gusts.[140]
  Amsterdam	The Netherlands	3000[141]
  Auckland	New Zealand
  Maastricht	The Netherlands	Hundreds[141]
  Frankfurt am Main	Germany	2500[142]
  Göttingen	Germany	1400[143], 2500[125][144]
  Kassel	Germany	250[145]
  Köln/Bonn	Germany	1000[123], 1500[146]
  Dresden	Germany	2000[147]
  Freiburg	Germany	2500[148][149]
  Greifswald	Germany	300[150]
  Rostock	Germany	250[151]
  Hamburg	Germany	2000[152]
  Heidelberg	Germany	1000[153]
  Jena	Germany	1000[154][155]
  Leipzig	Germany	950[156]
  Stuttgart	Germany	250/400[157][158]
  Tübingen	Germany	1500[159]
  Gothenburg	Sweden	250-500
  Stockholm	Sweden	250-500

  • 

    Berlin

  • 

    Heidelberg

  • 

    Jena

  • 

    Munich

  • 

    Paris

  • 

    Amsterdam

  • 

    Maastricht

  Reception[edit source]

  

  Lydia Villa-Komaroff

  Professor Robert Proctor of Stanford University said that the March for Science was similar to other efforts by scientists such as Physicians for Social Responsibility, however, the scale was larger because “there’s a broader perception of a massive attack on sacred notions of truth that are sacred to the scientific community.”^[160]

  

  Organizers and some participants of the El Paso March for Science, April 22, 2017

  Support[edit source]

  On January 26, 2017, U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont expressed his support for the march, congratulating “those scientists and researchers who are fighting back”.^[161] U.S. Representative Bill Foster of Illinois, a physicist and the only current member of Congress with a Ph.D. in a natural sciences field, will join the march, “not as a Democratic member of Congress, but as a scientist.”^[162] Foster said that he viewed the march as political, but not partisan, saying, “if you see a specific policy that is inconsistent with the known principles of science, every citizen who is also a scientist should speak out.”^[162]

  In February, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (the nation’s largest scientific organization) and other science groups announced their support for the march.^[2] Rush Holt Jr., the chief executive officer of the AAAS, expressed support for scientist involvement in politics.^[163]

  Criticism[edit source]

  A number of scientists voiced concerns over the march. Sylvester James Gates warned that “such a politically charged event might send a message to the public that scientists are driven by ideology more than by evidence”.^[164] William Happer^[165] stated that “there’s no reason to assume the president is against science” while regarding the march.^[164] Writing in the New York Times, Robert S. Young argued that the march will “reinforce the narrative from skeptical conservatives that scientists are an interest group and politicize their data, research and findings for their own ends.”^[166]

  Responding to criticism surrounding the political nature of the march, meteorologist and columnist Eric Holthaus wrote that the scientific field “has always been political” and referred to the example of Galileo Galilei’s confrontation with the political order. Holthaus wrote that the scientists must also protest when “truth itself is being called into question”.^[167]

  Follow-up[edit source]

  Following the march, the organizers of the March for Science encouraged people to a “Week of Action”, with an outline daily actions.^[168] They also wanted marchers to tell their elected officials why they marched.

  People’s Climate March (2017)

  The People’s Climate March (also called People’s Climate Movement) was a protest which took place on Washington, D.C.‘s National Mall, and among 300 locations throughout the United States, and locations outside the U.S., on April 29, 2017.^[1] Organizers announced the demonstration in January 2017 to protest the environmental policies of U.S. President Donald Trump and his administration. The protests were held at the end of his first 100 days as president, during stormy weather across the U.S.^[2]

  United States locations[edit]

  This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2017)

  The event in Augusta, Maine was organized by the Natural Resources Council of Maine and took place outside the Maine State House. Dylan Voorhees, director of the organization’s Climate and Clean Energy Project, spoke at the rally.^[3] The event in Boston was organized by Boston People’s Climate Mobilization,^[4] specifically by Lisa Young of the Better Future Project in Cambridge, Massachusetts.^{[citation needed]}

  In Illinois, demonstrations were planned in Chicago‘s Federal Plaza^[5] and at Main Square Park in Highland. The Highland event was organized by Heather Leddy and Alex Bazan, and was free to attend, though organizers accepted jugs of water, NSF-53 water filters, and donations to aid East Chicago residents affected by lead contamination.^[6] In Columbus, Ohio, marchers started at COSI and ended at the Ohio Statehouse.^[7] The Erie, Pennsylvania demonstration was organized by Our Water, Our Air, Our Rights, co-sponsored by the Erie Benedictines for Peace, Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Erie, Sisters of St. Joseph, S.O.N.S. of Lake Erie, Sisters of Mercy, Benedictine Sisters of Erie, and Solar Revolution Erie, and endorsed by the Lake Erie Group, Pennsylvania Chapter of the Sierra Club. Organizers anticipated up to 1,000 participants. Marchers started at the Lake Erie boat launch near East Avenue, passed the Erie Coke Corp. plant, then headed south on East Avenue to Wayne Park at East Sixth Street for the rally.^[8] The demonstration in Florence, Alabama was sponsored by the the Shoals Environmental Alliance and Indivisible Northwest Alabama, and took place outside the Lauderdale County Courthouse. The rally featured guest speakers and music by Mitch Mann and the Mojo Mixers, and was reportedly the only climate march organized in the U.S. states of Alabama, Georgia, or Mississippi.^[9]

  

  The event in Hagerstown, Maryland was organized by Benjamin Jealous (pictured in 2017), former president and chief executive offer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

  In Hagerstown, Maryland, former president and chief executive offer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Benjamin Jealous, lead a march and rally on April 30. Event attendees gathered at Public Square, then marched through the Arts and Entertainment District to City Park’s Peter Buys Band Shell to listen to guest speakers and artists. Speakers included Brooke Harper, the Maryland/District of Columbia policy director for Chesapeake Climate Action Network who helps lead the Don’t Frack Maryland Coalition, city council member Emily Keller, who also serves as the community advocacy chairman at the Hagerstown Chamber of Commerce GenNext Committee, Tekesha “FiyahFly” Martinez, and the president of the Labor Network for Sustainability, Joe Uehlein. Spoken word artist Maheen Haq, a University of Maryland Baltimore County Sondheim Scholar who organized the Interfaith Candle Vigil and Unity March, also performed.^[10]

  Marches were held in Indiana.^[11] The Kansas City, Missouri event was held at Washington Square Park and featured guest speakers Bob Berkebile, founding chairman of the American Institute of Architects‘ National Committee on the Environment (AIA/COTE), Davis Hammet, who serves as president of the organization Loud Light, and Margaret J. May, who serves as executive director of the Ivanhoe Neighborhood Council and former chair of the Environmental Protection Agency‘s National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. Sergio Moreno, an interfaith chaplain in the Clinical Pastoral Education program at Saint Luke’s Hospital, John Reyna of the Lakota/Dakota Standing Rock Sioux tribe, Dr. Carissa Stanton, a pediatrician with the University of Kansas Health System, and Terrence Wise, who represents the National Organizing Committee, also spoke at the event.^[12] In Keene, New Hampshire, the Cities for Climate Protection program and the Committee Climate Action Team of the Monadnock Progressive Alliance organized a march along Main Street to Central Square. Scheduled speakers include Joel Huberman of the Citizens Climate Lobby, Michael Simpson, who serves as director at the Center for Climate Preparedness and Community Resilience at Antioch University New England, Duncan Watson, assistant director of public works, solid waste manager, and a guest speaker from The Climate Reality Project. The Monadnock Chapter of the Citizen’s Climate Lobby also screened the film The Burden: Fossil Fuel, The Military and National Security at the Keene Public Library.^[13]

  

  David Zuckerman, Lieutenant Governor of Vermont, is scheduled to speak at the demonstration in Montpelier.

  Madison, Wisconsin‘s rally was held on April 22, in conjunction with Earth Day. Participants gathered outside the Wisconsin State Capitol and marched to the MG&E power plant.^[14][15]In Miami, an event was planned at José Martí Park.^[16] In Montpelier, Vermont, demonstrators gathered outside the State House. Supporting organizations included the Vermont Chapter of the Sierra Club, 350VT, Vermont Public Interest Research Group, Vermont Rights and Democracy, the Vermont Natural Resources Council, and Vermont Interfaith Power, with dozens more endorsing the event. Speakers included Reverend Arnold Davis, former State Representative Kesha Ram, Lieutenant Governor David Zuckerman, and performers included the Central Vermont Solidarity Singers, Chris Gruen, Headphone Jack, and Chad Hollister.^[17] The Oklahoma City event was held at Harkins Bricktown Plaza. After a rally with featuring guest speakers, music, and children’s activities, marchers made their way the Oklahoma River for a Native American sacred water ceremony at the Devon Boathouse. Supporting organizations included the Asia Society of Oklahoma, Black Lives Matter OKC, BOLD Oklahoma, Citizens’ Climate Lobby of Norman, Green Connections, Human Community Network, Indivisible Oklahoma, OK Conference of Churches Environmental Committee, Oklahoma Interfaith Power & Light, Oklahoma Progressive Network, Oklahoma Sierra Club, Oklahoma United Methodist Environmental Coalition, Peace House, Sierra Club Cimarron Group, Sierra Club Red Earth Group, SixTwelve, Turtle Rock Farm Retreat Center, and Your Earth, Our Future.^[18]

  The Washington, D.C. demonstration was organized by People’s Climate Movement, with Paul Getsos serving as national coordinator. More than 13,000 people had expressed interest in attending the event on Facebook by early February 2017.^[19]

  California[edit]

  

  

  David Alvarez (left) and Lorena Gonzalez Fletcher (right) were scheduled to speak at the San Diego demonstration.

  In California, demonstrations were held in Nevada City, San Diego,Oakland, San Jose and Sonoma.^[23] The Nevada City event was organized by Sierra Nevada Group/Sierra Club and featured a screening of The Future of Energy: Lateral Power to the People at Seaman’s Lodge, followed by a march from Pioneer Park to Broad Street.^[20] San Diego participants gathered in front of the County Administration Center, along with Waterfront Park and the San Diego Bay. Speakers included David Alvarez, Lorena Gonzalez Fletcher, and Rev. J. Lee Hill, Jr., who serves as Senior Pastor of the Christian Fellowship Congregational Church (UCC).^[21] In Sonoma, marchers started at First Congregational Church/Congregation Shir Shalom’s Burlingame Hall, or outside Sonoma Valley High School and ended with a rally in the Sonoma Plaza.^[24] The demonstration was sponsored by Sonoma Climate Coalition.^[23] There was also a protest in Riverside.^[25]

  Colorado[edit]

  In Colorado, demonstrations were held in Denver‘s Civic Center Park,^[26][27] and in Durango, from the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad depot to Buckley Park.^[28] The Durango event featured activist and climber Kitty Calhoun, live music, and opportunities to test drive electric vehicles. Prior to the march, Citizens Climate Lobby hosted two climate change educational events at Durango Public Library; the documentary film Merchants of Doubt (2014) was screened on April 27, and the April 28 event featured a presentation by Calhoun called “Last Assents” and a screening of the film, Age of Consequences.^[28]

  Connecticut[edit]

  The demonstration in Hartford was organized by Harrison Hayward, a medical student at the University of Connecticut, and took place at Mortensen Riverfront Plaza.^[29] New Haven‘s event was organized by Diane Krause, a professor at the Yale School of Medicine, and took place at East Rock Park. Preceding the march was a science fair; the rally also featured speakers from Wesleyan University and Yale University, as well as Robert Klee, who serves as commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.^[29] Diane Lentakis, an organizer for 350 Connecticut and the Connecticut Sierra Club, coordinated several bus trips to transport people to the climate march in Washington, D.C.^[29]

  Idaho[edit]

  In Idaho, demonstrations were planned at the Idaho State Capitol in Boise,^[30] Driggs,^[31] and Sandpoint. Boise participants could attend a happy hour party to make signs for the event at IRU Headquarters on April 28.^[30] The Driggs march began at the courthouse and ended at the city park; local nonprofit groups were on site, manning tables and providing educational information. A sign making party was held at the local library on April 27.^[31] The Sandpoint march started at Farmin Park and ended at Community Hall where a presentation on Citizens’ Climate Lobby was made and local nonprofit groups were on site, manning tables and providing educational information.^{[citation needed]}

  Massachusetts[edit]

  The Massachusetts marches began at several different sites around Greater Boston and converged on the Boston Common around noon on Saturday, April 29, 2017. The event in Boston was organized by Boston People’s Climate Mobilization,^[32] specifically by Lisa Young of the Better Future Project in Cambridge, Massachusetts.^{[citation needed]}

  Michigan[edit]

  The events in Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids, Bay City, Marquette, Detroit, and Traverse City were organized by Michigan Climate Action Network,^[33] the MI League of Conservation Voters,^[34][35] and many other organizations. Debbie Stabenow and State Rep. Jon Hoadley spoke at the Kalamazoo event.^[36]

  New York[edit]

  The Plattsburgh demonstration was organized by Adam Guillette and took place at Trinity Park. Supporting organizations included 350 Plattsburgh, Adirondack Women’s March, North Country RESPECT, and Plattsburgh-Adirondack Building Bridges. Speakers at the rally preceding the march included City Councilor Rachelle Armstrong, wildlife advocate John Davis, Mayor Colin Read, and scientist Dr. Curt Stager, as well as other local activists. From the park, marchers followed Broad Street, to Rugar Street, to the State University of New York at Plattsburgh‘s Amity Plaza, before returning to Trinity Park.^[37] The Syracuse demonstration was a march from Franklin Square Park, north along the Onondaga Creekwalk to a rally in the Inner Harbor neighborhood.^[38] More than 500 people took part.^[39]

  North Carolina[edit]

  The event in Asheville was organized by the local chapter of the Indivisible movement and took place at Pack Square’s Vance Monument. The rally, which was emceed by Drew Jones of Climate Interactive, began with a Native American healing ceremony, followed by speeches by Buncombe County Commission chairman Brownie Newman, environmental and justice advocates, students, and clergy. Leading up to the march, the Sierra Club sponsored a screening of the film Before the Flood (2016) on April 21, and The Block off Biltmore screened the documentary film Cowspiracy (2014) on April 23.^[40]

  Another march with a corresponding rally was held in Charlotte.^[41]

  Oregon[edit]

  In Oregon, demonstrations were planned in Bend‘s Drake Park,^[42] Medford,^[43] and Portland.^[44][45][46] Portland’s event was organized by OPAL Environmental Justice and the Oregon Just Transition Alliance,^[45] and was held at Dawson Park.^[44][46]

  Washington[edit]

  In Washington, demonstrations were planned in Port Angeles^[47] and Walla Walla.^[48] Speakers in Port Angeles included Chad Bowechop, who manages the Makah Tribal Council Office of Marine Affairs, Jefferson County Commissioner Kate Dean, Clallam County commissioner Mark Ozias, Jon Preston of Forks City Council, author and activist Dianna Somerville, and Port Townsend Mayor Deborah Stinson. The march, which was organized by Sierra Club North Olympic Group and the Olympic Climate Action group, began at Port Angeles City Pier, went through downtown, then returned to the pier.^[47]

  Outside the United States[edit]

  This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2017)

  Partners[edit]

  The following organizations are listed as steering committee members on the event’s official website:^[49]

  • 32BJ SEIU,
  • 350.or,
  • 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East,
  • Alliance for Climate Education,
  • Amalgamated Transit Union,
  • American Federation of Teachers,
  • American Postal Workers Union,
  • The B Team,
  • BlueGreen Alliance,
  • Center for Biological Diversity,
  • Center for Community Change,
  • Center for Popular Democracy,
  • Chesapeake Climate Action Network,
  • Chispa,
  • Climate Justice Alliance,
  • Climate Nexus,
  • Climate Reality Project,
  • Color of Change,
  • Communications Workers of America,
  • Earthjustice,
  • Emerald Cities Collaborative,
  • EMPOWER,
  • Engage Virginia,
  • Environmental Justice Leadership Forum on Climate Change,
  • Franciscan Action Network,
  • Grassroots Global Justice,
  • GreenFaith,
  • GreenLatinos,
  • Green for All,
  • Hip Hop Caucus,
  • Indigenous Environmental Network,
  • Labor Network for Sustainability,
  • League of Conservation Voters,
  • Maryland Working Families,
  • Moms Clean Air Force,
  • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ,(NAACP),
  • Native Organizers Alliance,
  • Natural Resources Defense Council,
  • NextGen Climate,
  • Oceana,
  • One Earth. One Voice.,
  • People’s Action,
  • People’s Collective Arts,Colectivo de Arte Popular,
  • People’s Climate Movement NY,
  • Power Shift Network,
  • Public Citizen,
  • Service Employees International Union,
  • Sierra Club,
  • Sojourners,
  • Union of Concerned Scientists,
  • UPROSE,
  • US Climate Action Network,
  • Win Without War,

  Gallery[edit]

  • 

    Demonstrators in Minneapolis

  • 

    Demonstrators in Washington, D.C.

  • 

    Cenk Uygur speaking at the march in Washington, D.C.

  • 

    Demonstrators outside Chicago‘s Trump International Hotel and Tower

  • 

    Lesley Hinds speaking at the march in Edinburgh

  2017 May Day protests

  The 2017 May Day protests were a series of protests that took place on May Day (May 1, 2017) over worker and immigrant rights,^[1][2] throughout the United States and around the world. Protests became violent in Olympia, Washington, and Portland, Oregon.^[3][4] Many demonstrators were protesting against the policies of President Donald Trump,^[5] specifically those related to immigration.^[6][7]

  United States

  

  Protesters in Chicago

  

  Protesters in Los Angeles

  

  Police officers monitoring the rally in Portland, Oregon

  

  Demonstrators in San Francisco

  

  Protestors at the May Day Action Immigrants and Workers March in Washington, D.C.

  • Chicago,
  • Concord, California,
  • Detroit,
  • Durham, North Carolina,
  • Fortuna, California,
  • Grand Rapids, Michigan,
  • Lansing, Michigan,
  • Las Vegas,
  • Los Angeles,
  • Miami,
  • Minneapolis,
  • Nashville, Tennessee,
  • New York City,
  • Olympia, Washington: Some of the 50 protesters in Olympia had signs reading “delete the port” and broke windows in the Downtown Historic District.Police called the protests in Olympia and Portland riots.
  • Philadelphia,
  • Phoenix, Arizona,
  • Pontiac, Michigan,
  • In Portland, Oregon, the protest became violent.^[23] Police at the event alleged that protesters threw lead balls, smoke bombs, paint, glass bottles and cans of Pepsi at officers.^[24]
  • Riverside, California,
  • San Francisco,
  • Seattle,
  • Washington, D.C.,

  Outside the United States

  • Havana, Cuba,
  • Istanbul,
  • Moscow, Russia,
  • Paris, France,
  • Philippines,
  • Pristina, Kosovo,
  • Saint Petersburg, Russia,
  • Tbilisi, Georgia,

  Protest on May 4, 2017

  On May 4, 2017, a thousand demonstrators gathered in Manhattan to protest Trump’s first return home since his inauguration.^[178] The protesters demonstrated near the USS Intrepid, where Trump was attending a gala. He left the city that night without visiting Trump Tower.

  • May 9 – Hundreds of protesters demanded that Trump stay in the Paris Agreement, rallying outside of the Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C.^[414]
  • May 10 – A protest against Trump took place outside of the White House where demonstrators called for an independent prosecutor and for Trump’s impeachment.^[415]Betsy DeVos was booed and students turned their back to her when she gave a commencement speech at Bethune-Cookman University.^[416]
  • May 11 – Protesters in Butte gathered to demonstrated against Donald Trump, Jr. and Greg Gianforte.^[417] Around 150 protesters in San Diego protested against Trump and the GOP.^[418]
  • May 13 – Around 200 protesters spelled out the word “Resist!” with their bodies on Trump National Golf Course in Rancho Palos Verdes, California.^[419] Around a hundred protesters demonstrated in Lynchburg against Trump’s Liberty University address.^[420] Protesters in South Florida demonstrated in Little Haiti against the deportation of Haitian refugees.^[421]
  • May 15 – Protesters in Seattle rallied in front of the federal courthouse in opposition to the travel ban.^[422] Artist, Robin Bell, used a video projector to place words on the Trump International Hotel such as “pay Trump bribes here” and “emoluments welcome.”^[423]
  • May 20 – Protests took place in Yemen in opposition of Trump’s visit to Saudi Arabia. Thousands of demonstrators aligned with Houthi rebels marched through Sana’a.^[424]
  • May 23 – Thousands of demonstrators in Gaza supporting the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) protested Trump’s visit to Bethlehem.^[425] Protesters in Rome demonstrated against Trump’s visit to the Vatican.^[426]Hundreds of students walked out on Mike Pence’s commencement speech at Notre Dame in order to protest Trump administration policies.^[427]
  • May 24 – Around 9,000 people in Brussels attended a rally against Trump who called the city a “hellhole.” Belgians at the protest indicated that he was not welcome and that they were against “his war agenda.”^[428][429]
  • May 27 – A protest took place near the location of the G-7 summit in Giardini Naxos.^[430]

  June 2017[edit]

  • June 1 – Protesters demonstrated against Trump’s pull out from the Paris Agreement in front of the White House.^[431]

  March for Truth

  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  March for Truth

  Logo
  Date	June 3, 2017
  Website	marchfortruth.info

  The March for Truth was a nationwide protest that occurred on Saturday, June 3, 2017, calling for a fair and impartial investigation into possible connections between Russia and President Donald Trump‘s campaign and administration. Demonstrations were scheduled to place in Washington, D.C., and more than 100 additional cities^[1]; publicly called for events in more than 150 US cities. Scheduled speakers included Javier Muñoz and Jill Wine-Banks, as well as other actors and musicians.^[1]

  Planning[edit]

  The organizers for the national event included Jordan Uhl, Megan Mamula, Jimmy Dahman, Andrea Chalupa, and Justin Hendrix.^[2][3][4][5] The event started as a small protest planned for Washington, D.C., but grew into a nationwide protest.^[5] In Iowa and in other states, local Women’s March organizers helped support the planning for the March for Truth.^[6] Other groups, such as Indivisible and Public Citizen, were also involved with support for the marches and rallies.^[7]

  Locations[edit]

  United States[edit]

  

  Protesters in Portland, Oregon

  

  Demonstrators affiliated with the Indivisible movement in San Francisco

  

  Rally participants in Washington, D.C.

  • Austin, Texas, around 150 people were present at Austin City Hall by noon on Saturday.^[8]
  • Bedminster, New Jersey, took place in coordination with New Jersey Working Families, Action Together NJ and the Somerset County Democrats.^[9]
  • In Boise, Idaho, demonstrators will march outside the Idaho State Capitol.^[10]
  • Boston, Massachusetts^[11][12]
  • Charlotte, North Carolina^[13]
  • The Chicago march will begin at Federal Plaza.^[14] There were around 2,000 people at the march and rally.^[15]
  • Denver had around 300 demonstrators.^[16]
  • Eugene, Oregon^[17]
  • New York City, demonstrators rallied in Foley Square and marched down Broadway.^[18]
  • Northampton, Massachusetts^[19]
  • Marchers in Orlando, Florida will gather in front of the Orange County Courthouse.^[2]
  • Portland, Oregon^[20]
  • Pottstown, Pennsylvania^[21]
  • Philadelphia^[22]
  • San Diego, California^[23]
  • San Francisco^[24]
  • Seattle, Washington, where several hundred people marched through the downtown area after gathering at Cal Anderson Park.^[25]
  • St. Joseph, Missouri^[26][27]

  International[edit]

  • London^[20]

  July 2017[edit]

  Impeachment March

  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  Impeachment March

  Promotional artwork for the demonstration
  Date	July 2, 2017
  Location	United States
  Type	Demonstrations
  Cause	Opposition to President Donald Trump
  Arrest(s)	3 (Philadelphia)
  Website	impeachmentmarch.org

  The Impeachment March, sometimes referred to as the “Impeach Trump” protest,^[1] was a series of rallies against the President of the United States, Donald Trump, held nationwide on July 2–4, 2017, advocating that Congress begin the impeachment process against him. The marches, which occurred during Fourth of July celebrations, marks a tradition of protest in the United States, according to historian, Jonathan Zimmerman.^[2]

  Events took place in more than 30 cities throughout the United States. Organizers accused President Trump of violating the United States Constitution, specifically the Foreign Emoluments Clause and the Domestic Emoluments Clause, and claimed he committed obstruction of justice by dismissing Sally Yates and James Comey. They also cited Trump’s alleged interference with the Federal Bureau of Investigation‘s review of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and his travel ban issue as reasons for his impeachment.

  The demonstrations were mostly peaceful, though three people were arrested in Philadelphia. Many featured speeches by politicians and local activities, and some attracted counter-protesters who wanted to show their support for Trump. Events were organized by various organizations, including affiliates of the Indivisible movement.

  Motivation and planning

  Organizers for the march expressed that they felt that President Trump is in violation of the United States Constitution.^[3] More specifically, they alleged that the president violated the Foreign Emoluments Clause and the Domestic Emoluments Clause, as well as committed obstruction of justice in his dismissal of Sally Yates and James Comey. Organizers also cited Trump’s alleged interference with the Federal Bureau of Investigation‘s review of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, and his issue of a travel ban, as reasons for his removal from office.^[4] Event organizer for the Los Angeles march, Tudor Popescu, felt that it was important “to call for a government that is accountable to the people”.^[5] One of the central, overall organizers of the march, Stephanie Tatro, stated that it was also important to support politicians who had already started calling for Trump’s impeachment.^[6]

  Organizers in Austin, Texas, expected counter-protesters.^[7] Marchers in Davenport, Iowa, also planned for their march to reach out to Congress members, Cheri Bustos and Dave Loebsack.^[8]Denver organizers stressed that the march was also about better government representation.^[9] Organizers in Palm Beach, Florida spent around two weeks planning the local demonstration.^[10] The protest planned for Portland, Oregon, at Tom McCall Waterfront Park, close to the Waterfront Blues Festival, was unexpectedly cancelled with no reasons given for the cancellation at the time.^[11] The Facebook page created to plan and organize the march was deleted without explanation and Portland was not listed on the official march website.^[12]

  Locations

  

  

  Amarillo

  

  Ann Arbor

  

  Atlanta

  

  Austin

  

  Buffalo

  

  Chicago

  

  Cleveland

  

  Davenport

  

  Denver

  

  Detroit

  

  Escondido

  

  Los Angeles

  

  New Orleans

  

  New York

  

  Palm Beach

  

  Philadelphia

  

  Sacramento

  

  San Diego

  

  San Francisco

  

  Santa Ana

  

  Seattle

  Map of the contiguous United States showing cities with demonstrations

  Between 30–45 cities held peaceful protests, though a couple events saw minor altercations.^{[13][14][15][16]} In Amarillo, Texas, demonstrators gathered outside city hall,^[17][18] then marched from downtown to the local office of U.S. RepresentativeMac Thornberry, a Republican representing Texas’s 13th congressional district. The event was organized by Rusty Tomlinson and the High Plains Circle of Non-Violence,^[17]and finished with a die-in in support of the “99% of Americans either victimized or exploited by the Trump Regime”.^[19][20] The protest in Ann Arbor, Michigan was organized by the group Stop Trump Ann Arbor, and drew an estimated 100–150 demonstrators.^[1] They gathered at The Diag on the University of Michigan campus and marched to Liberty Plaza.^[21][22] In Atlanta, around 50 protesters marched from Piedmont Park to Centennial Olympic Park.^[13]

  

  Congressman Al Green of Texas marching with protesters in Austin

  More than 100 people gathered at the Texas State Capitol in downtown Austin for the march, and a smaller group came to support the president.^[14] The demonstration was organized by Sharyn Richardson with assistance from Karan Barnett Shirk, and sponsored by Donna Howard, a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives, representing the 48th District.^[23] It was held one day after a pro-Trump rally at Wooldridge Square Park, called the “1776 Freedom March”.^[7][24] The impeachment march at the Capitol became tense, with heated exchanges and counter-protesters carrying bullhorn sirens.^[15][7] Counter-protestors were able to “match the impeachment rally”, according to KWQC-TV.^[25]Al Green, a U.S. Representative from Texas‘s 9th congressional district who was the first to call for Trump’s impeachment back in May,^[19][14] was among the featured speakers. He also led the Pledge of Allegiance and sang “God Bless America“.^[19] The Austin Police Department reportedly received one report of assault, but no arrests were made.^[7][14]

  Buffalo, New York‘s protest was organized by the Western New York Peace Center as part of a National Day of Action.^[26]Around 125 demonstrators gathered at Lafayette Square, then marched to Niagara Square before returning to their starting location.^[27] The protest in Chicago drew about 50 demonstrators, who gathered at Federal Plaza. Diana Dalnes was named an organizer of the local event.^[13][28] The event in Cleveland was organized by a local affiliate of the Indivisible movement, called IndivisibleCLE; Suzy Scullin of Lakewood, Ohio was also named a march organizer.^[4] For the protest in Davenport, which was supported by Rock Island County Indivisible, demonstrators marched across the Rock Island Centennial Bridge to Schweibert Park in Rock Island, Illinois.^[19] 30 marchers were later photographed as a group to send to Cheri Bustos and Dave Loebsack in Congress to encourage them to impeach the president.^[29]

  The demonstration in Denver was held at Civic Center Park and attracted nearly 200 participants.^[16][30][31] In Detroit, around 50 protestors gathered at Philip A. Hart Plaza. The event was organized by Adriene Avripas, head of the Metro-Detroit Political Action Network, with support from organizers of the national campaign.^[1] In New Orleans, demonstrators gathered at Duncan Plaza.^[16] About 250–300 protesters demonstrated in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, gathering outside the Trump International Hotel and Tower at Columbus Circle and along Eighth Avenue by Central Park.^[32] Police reportedly removed several Trump supporters from the rally.^[33]

  In Palm Beach, about 100 protesters marched to Mar-a-Lago.^[10] The demonstration was organized by United Against Trump Pence and Pop Up Protest South Florida. Following the protesters was a smaller group of Trump supporters, some attending as part of Zone 6 of the 3 Percenters.^[10][34][35] A 50-person “March for Donald Trump” was held in Philadelphia in opposition to the impeachment rally, which attracted around 150 participants.^[36][37] Trump protesters gathered at People’s Plaza near the Liberty Bell, while supporters gathered at The Irish Memorial and made their way to Logan Circle.^[36][37] Demonstrations were monitored by the Philadelphia Police Department with support from officials of the National Park Service, the Philadelphia County Sheriff’s Office, SEPTA, and the United States Department of Homeland Security.^[37] The marches were peaceful, but an altercation between the rival groups occurred outside a bar, and three anti-Trump demonstrators were arrested.^[19][37][38]David Love was named an organizer of the Philadelphia impeachment march.^[37] An estimated 100–150 protesters attended a demonstration in Seattle, gathering at Seattle Center before marching along 2nd Avenue.^[11][39][40] The protest was organized by Gina Merchan.^[39]

  California

  

  Demonstrators in San Francisco

  California saw demonstrations in Escondido,^[3] Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, and Santa Ana. The San Diego Free Press endorsed the Escondido and San Diego protests.^[41]

  The Escondido demonstration was held near the Westfield North County shopping mall.^[42] Thousands of protesters turned out for the march in downtown Los Angeles, which was one of the largest impeachment demonstrations in the U.S.^[5][43][44] More than 12,000 people had expressed interest in attending, on the event’s Facebook page, and organizers funded the demonstration through crowdsourcing.^[44]Representative Brad Sherman spoke to the marchers who gathered in Pershing Square, then made their way to Fletcher Bowron Square. In his speech, Sherman compared Trump to Richard Nixon, commented on Trump’s alleged abuse of power and impulsive decisions, and also mentioned James Comey‘s testimony.^[5][45]Marchers also carried a black coffin, covered in red, white, and blue decorations with a sign that read, “The Presidency 1789–2017”.^[46] There was a small counter-protest, with about four dozen Trump supporters standing outside police headquarters.^[43][47] The supporters were “unconcerned about allegations that Trump tried to thwart an FBI investigation”, according to The Times of Israel.^[48] The march remained peaceful, and no arrests were made.^[5]

  

  Protesters along the Embarcadero

  There were hundreds of people gathered at the California State Capitol in Sacramento.^[49] The rally was peaceful, even though there were counter-protesters.^[50] Police estimated that there were around 2,000 protesters at the San Diego march, which was held outside the San Diego County Administration Center at Waterfront Park and also attracted a smaller group of Trump supporters.^[3][51][52]Lori Saldaña spoke at the event, as did representatives from Border Angels and the San Diego Young Muslim Democrats.^[42][53] The march was also in protest of Doug Manchester, who was Trump’s nominee to be United States Ambassador to the Bahamas.^[3][54] There was a counter-protest with around 150 people wearing helmets and riot gear; police officers worked to keep the two groups separated.^[3][42][53]

  Thousands of protesters attended the San Francisco march, which was organized by Progressive Democrats of America, among other groups.^[55] Participants gathered to hear speeches at Justin Herman Plaza,^[56] along the Embarcadero, then made their way to Fisherman’s Wharf.^[55] Around 300 people protested in Santa Ana, gathering at Sasscer Park and marching around the Civic Center.^[57] Indivisible-39 was represented at the event, and there were reportedly no counter-protesters.^[58]The event was organized by Natasha Salgado and featured speakers representing the Garden Grove Unified School District, Indivisible OC, and Pantsuit Nation. Later, police estimated there were as many as 700 attendees in Santa Ana, with no incidents.^[59]

  • July 4 – An anti-Trump rally coinciding with Independence Day called “We Will Not Be Banned” protests Trump’s immigration policies at Trump Tower.^[434]

  August 2017[edit]

  • August 13 – Thousands protest in New York City as President Trump returns to Trump Tower for the first time since January 19^[435]
  • August 19 – Responses to the 2017 Unite the Right Rally took place in various cities. In particular in Boston, 40000 people counter-protested the Boston Free Speech rally.^[436]

  • August 22 – Thousands protest in Phoenix outside the Phoenix convention center while President Trump visits to make a campaign rally speech in the Phoenix Convention Center.^[437]

  September 2017[edit]

  • September 5 – Thousands protest throughout the country in response to the termination of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program.^[438]
  • September 19 – Ten people, including Congressman Raúl Grijalva, Congressman Luis Gutiérrez, Congressman Adriano Espaillat, and Speaker Melissa Mark-Viverito of the New York City Council are arrested protesting in front of Trump Tower.^[439]
  • September 24 – Hundreds of players throughout the National Football League protest during the national anthem.^[440]

  November 2017[edit]

  • November 10 — In the Philippines, Militant group stage the protests against Trump, who will be visiting in the country for the 2017 ASEAN Summit.^[441][442]
  • November 21 – In Palm Beach, hundreds protest outside Mar-a-Lago before President Trump arrives over the termination of Temporary Protected Status.^[443]

  January 2018[edit]

  • January 15 – Hundreds protest in Times Square against President Trump on Martin Luther King Jr. Day.^[444]

  2018 Women’s March

  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  

  Demonstrators in San Francisco

  The 2018 Women’s March held on January 20, 2018, on the anniversary of 2017 Women’s March, was a reprise protest march with coordinated mass rallies, attracting hundreds of thousands of participants, in hundreds of cities, towns and suburbs in the United States, with sister rallies in Canada, the UK, Japan, Italy and other countries. Some of the largest rallies in the United States were held in New York, Washington, Los Angeles, Dallas, Philadelphia, Chicago, San Francisco, and Atlanta.^[1][2]

  By 2018, Women’s March U.S., along with protesting Trump and his administration’s policies^[1] on “immigration, healthcare, racial divides” and other issues,^[3][4] new themes gained momentum including “Power to the Polls”. Power to the Polls carries a new message with a focus on increasing voter participation through new voter registrations, encouraging more women, as “strong advocates for women’s rights”, to run for office. By January 2018, the #MeToo movement had become a “a galvanizing force at many of the rallies”.^[3][5] The Women’s March Global, under the theme of “Look Back, March Forward” included at least 38 rallies in Canada on January 20 with some in major cities such as Toronto and Calgary, attracting thousands.^[6] More events are planned by Women’s March for January 21, 2018 including the launch of the national voter registration tour in Las Vegas, a “key battleground state in the 2018 midterm congressional elections.”^[7] The march took place the day after the shutdown of the federal government when Senators were unable to reach a “compromise regarding a short-term spending bill or an immigration proposal”.^[8] President Trump said it was a “perfect day for all Women to March” and “we are with you all the way.”^[1]

  Themes

  

  Participants in Manhattan

  In the United States, the main organizing body is Women’s March U.S. whose themes include “Power to the Polls.”

  Power to the Polls

  On January 21, a massive rally—Power to the Polls—with thousands of participants was held in Las Vegas which highlighted the launch of the national voter registration tour to get a million new voters registered. Support is swelling for more progressive women candidates to run as strong advocates for women’s rights in all levels of government.^[9] Flipping swing states in the 2018 midterm elections, such as Nevada which is considered to be a battleground state, is one of the main targets.^[10][11]

  Since Trump’s election, with many of the policies perceived as harmful to women, there has been “an unprecedented surge of first-time female candidates, overwhelmingly Democratic, running for offices big and small, from the U.S. Senate and state legislatures to local school boards.”^[12] In Virginia alone, state legislative polls, 11 of the 15 newly elected Democrats were women.”^[9] Catherine Cortez Masto won the U.S. Senate election in Nevada, the first woman to represent Nevada and the first Latina to serve in the Senate.^[13] More events are planned for January 21, 2018 including the launch of the national voter registration tour in Las Vegas. Nevada, is a “key battleground state” in the 2018 midterm elections“^[7] with, among other issues, the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, “the deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history”.^[7]

  Participation

  This is an incomplete list of 2018 Women’s March events that took place on January 20 and January 21, 2018. The mandate of the Women’s March Anniversary #PowerToThe Polls, organized by the Women’s March Network, is to influence electoral politics. Messaging included increasing participation as voters and as candidates in all levels of government.^[1] The official Women’s March anniversary event took place in Las Vegas on January 21, 2018. This is a partial list of the hundreds of site-specific events, such as rallies, marches, community activities, and voter registration drives, which took place in cities, towns and villages. By January 21, 2018, there were around 250 events reported.^[2][3][4]

  United States[edit]

  Listed below are the marches in the U.S. in support of the 2018 Women’s March.

  	Photo	Approximate attendance	Notes
  Washington, D.C.		1000s[5]	In Washington, D.C., thousands [5] gathered at the Reflecting Pool at the Lincoln Memorial and marched to the White House.[6] The crowd was smaller than the 2017 rally, which according to WUSA9 had almost 500,000 participants.[5]

  State	Date	Cities	Photo	Approximate attendance	Notes
  Alabama	January 20, 2018	Birmingham			In Alabama, marches were held in Huntsville, Montgomery, Dothan and Birmingham, Mentone, and Mobile.[7] Themes included “promoting women’s role in politics and in opposition of President Donald Trump and his agenda”.[7] In Mobile, women chanted, ” “Not the church. Not the state. Women must control their fate.” Signs included, “Save DACA Deport Trump!”[7]
  	January 20, 2018	Dothan[7]
  	January 20, 2018	Huntsville[7]
  	January 20, 2018	Mentone[7]
  	January 20, 2018	Mobile[7]
  Alaska		Adak
  	January 20, 2018	Anchorage		3,000[8]	In Anchorage, Alaska, 3,000 people marched to empower women and to protest President Donald Trump’s policies. The Alaska March for Women 2018 began at the Delaney Park Strip and continued along 9th Avenue.[9][8]
  		Bethel
  		Craig
  		Cordova
  		Fairbanks		Hundreds[10]
  		Gustavus		90[11]
  		Haines
  		Homer		600[12]
  		Juneau
  		Ketchikan		150[13]
  		Kodiak
  		Kotzebue
  		Moose Pass
  		Nome
  		Palmer
  		Seldovia
  		Seward
  		Sitka
  		Skagway
  		Soldotna
  		Talkeetna
  		Unalakleet
  		Utqiagvik (Barrow)
  		Valdez
  Arizona		Flagstaff		1000+[14]
  		Green Valley
  		Phoenix[15]		25,000[16]
  		Prescott
  		Tucson
  		Yuma
  		Other Arizona towns
  Arkansas		Bentonville
  		Fayetteville
  		Little Rock
  California		Albany
  		Avalon
  		Berkeley
  		Beverly Hills
  		Bishop
  		Borrego Springs
  		Burbank
  		Chico
  		Compton
  		El Centro
  		Encinitas
  		Eureka
  		Fairfax
  		Fort Bragg
  		Fresno
  		Gualala
  		Hemet
  		Kings Beach
  		Laguna Beach
  		Laytonville
  		Long Beach
  		Lompoc
  	January 20, 2018	Los Angeles		600,000[17]	According to Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, about 600,000[17] marched in Los Angeles from Pershing Square, to Grand Park and the City Hall on the morning of January 20, calling for equal rights for women in a rally that reflected the rise of the #MeToo and #TimesUp” movements. They marched to end violence, and to protect the rights of women, workers, people with disabilities, immigrants, indigenous peoples, and environmental and civil rights.[18]
  		Modesto
  		Monterey Bay
  		Mt. Shasta
  		Napa
  		Nevada City
  		Oakhurst
  		Oakland
  		Ontario
  		Palm Desert
  		Palmdale
  		Pasadena
  		Redding
  		Redondo Beach
  		Redwood City
  		Ridgecrest
  		Riverside
  		Sacramento		36,000	[19]
  		San Bernardino
  		San Clemente
  	January 20, 2018	San Diego		c.37,000[20]	Beacuse of its proximity to the Mexico–United States border, San Diego, is a “binational”, multicultural city. 2018 Women’s March director Monica Boyle acknowledged the unseated land of the Kumeyaay Nation, where the rally took place.[20]
  	January 20, 2018	San Francisco
  		San Jose
  		San Luis Obispo
  		San Marcos
  		Santa Ana
  		Santa Barbara
  		Santa Cruz
  		Santa Rosa
  		Seaside
  		Sonoma
  		South Lake Tahoe
  		Ukiah
  		Vallejo
  		Ventura
  		Visalia
  		Walnut Creek
  		Watsonville
  		Willits
  		Yucca Valley
  Colorado		Alamosa
  		Aspen
  		Broomfield
  		Carbondale
  		Colorado Springs
  		Cortez
  		Crested Butte
  		Denver
  		Durango
  		Glenwood Springs
  		Grand Junction
  		Lafayette
  		Ridgway
  		Silverton
  		Steamboat Springs
  		City, Colorado
  Connecticut		East Haddam
  		Hartford
  		New Haven
  		Old Saybrook
  		Salisbury
  		Stamford
  Delaware		Lewes
  		Newark
  Florida
  		Boca Raton
  		Daytona Beach
  		Fernandina Beach
  		Gainesville
  		Jacksonville
  		Key West
  		Melbourne
  		Miami Beach
  		Miami
  		Naples
  		New Smyrna Beach
  		Ocala
  		Orlando
  		Panama City
  		Pensacola
  		Sarasota
  		St. Augustine
  		St. Petersburg
  		Tallahassee
  		West Palm Beach
  Georgia		Athens
  		Atlanta
  		Augusta
  		Savannah
  		Statesboro
  		Zebulon
  Guam		Hagåtña
  Hawaii[21]		Hilo
  		Honolulu (Oahu)
  		Kahului
  		Kawaihae
  		Kona
  		Lihue (Kauai)
  Idaho		Boise
  		Driggs
  		Idaho Falls
  		Ketchum
  		Moscow
  		Pocatello
  		Sandpoint
  		Stanley
  Illinois		Carbondale
  		Champaign-Urbana
  	January 20, 2018	Chicago		200,000 – 300,000[22]	Marchers gathered in Grant Park (Chicago)some carrying slogans, such as “Strong women raising strong women.”[22]
  		Elgin
  		Galesburg
  		Maryville
  		Peoria
  		Rockford
  		Springfield
  Indiana		Evansville
  		Fort Wayne
  		Indianapolis
  		Lafayette
  		Paoli
  		South Bend
  		St. Mary of the Woods
  		Terre Haute
  		Valparaiso
  Iowa		Bettendorf
  		Decorah
  		Des Moines
  		Dubuque
  		Iowa City
  Kansas		Topeka
  		Wichita
  Kentucky		Lexington
  		Louisville
  		Murray
  		Pikeville
  Louisiana		Monroe
  	January 20, 2018	New Orleans		10-15,000[23]	The march, which looped through the French Quarter, began and ended in Duncan Plaza, was the largest single protest in the history of New Orleans. Featured speaker, LaToya Cantrell, who took office in 2017 as the first woman to serve as mayor in New Orleans, said, “We walked through the streets of New Orleans demanding that the rights of women be upheld to the highest level.”[24][23]–
  		Shreveport
  Maine		Augusta
  		Brunswick
  		Eastport
  		Ellsworth
  		Gouldsboro
  		Fort Kent
  		Kennebunk
  		Lubec
  		Monhegan Island
  		Portland
  		Sanford
  		Surry
  		Tenants Harbor
  		Vinalhaven
  Maryland		Accident
  		Annapolis
  		Baltimore
  		Frederick
  		Ocean City
  		St. Mary’s City
  Massachusetts		Boston
  		Falmouth
  		Greenfield
  		Martha’s Vineyard
  		Nantucket
  		Northampton
  		Pittsfield
  		Provincetown
  		Wellfleet
  		Worcester
  Michigan		Adrian
  		Ann Arbor
  		Brighton
  		Clare
  		Detroit
  		Douglas–Saugatuck
  		Grand Rapids
  		Grosse Pointe
  		Houghton
  		Kalamazoo
  		Lansing
  		Marquette
  		Midland
  		Sault Ste Marie
  		Tecumseh
  		Traverse City
  		Ypsilanti
  Minnesota		Bemidji
  		Cambridge
  		Duluth
  		Ely
  		Grand Marais
  		Longville
  		Mankato
  		Minneapolis
  		Morris
  		Rochester
  		St. Cloud
  		St. Paul		2500[25]
  Mississippi		Gulfport
  		Hattiesburg
  		Jackson
  		Oxford
  Missouri		Columbia
  		Kansas City
  		Springfield
  		St. Louis
  Montana	January 20, 2018	Billings		Large crowd	The Women’s March in Billings drew a large crowd.[26] Native American marchers raised concerns about missing and murdered indigenous women.[27]
  	January 20, 2018	Bozeman			Events were held in Bozeman,[28] Great Falls,[29] Kalispell,[30]Miles City, and Missoula on January 20.[31][32]
  	January 20, 2018	Butte			Events were held in Butte.[28]
  	January 20, 2018	Helena			In Helena, a Women’s March was followed by a Rise Together for Democracy Rally in the Rotunda of the Montana State Capitol.[33]
  		Missoula			Native American marchers raised concerns about missing and murdered indigenous women.[34][35]
  Nebraska		Lincoln
  		Loup City
  		Omaha
  Nevada		Las Vegas	January 21, 2018	1000s[36]	The “Power to the Polls” campaign to register a million new voters was launched in Las Vegas with a massive turnout. NPR’s Leila Fadel on PBS explained that the goal was to flip swing states like Nevada, which is also considered to be a battleground state. Catherine Cortez Masto won the U.S. Senate election in Nevada, the first woman to represent Nevada and the first Latina to serve in the Senate.[37][38]
  		Reno
  		Stateline
  New Hampshire		Concord
  		Francestown
  		Jackson
  		Keene
  		Lancaster
  		Portsmouth
  		Wilton
  New Jersey		Asbury Park
  		Leonia
  		Morristown[39]		15000	Police anticipated a crowd of up to 10,000, but Chief Peter Demnitz issued a final crowd estimate of 15,000, double last year’s estimated 7,500 at the inaugural Women’s March for New Jersey in Trenton in 2017.[40]
  		Mt. Laurel
  		Pequannock Township/Pompton Plains
  		Red Bank
  		Sicklerville
  		South Orange
  		Trenton
  		Westfield		1000[41]
  		Wyckoff
  New Mexico		Albuquerque
  		Deming
  		Las Cruces
  		Santa Fe
  New York		Albany		3000[42]
  		Binghamton
  		Buffalo
  		Canton
  		Cobleskill
  		Cooperstown
  		Delhi
  		Fredonia
  		Glens Falls
  		Hudson
  		Ithaca
  		Lewis County
  		New York City		120,000[43]	According to one estimate, there were more 120,000 protesters at the march in New York on January 20, 2018.[43]
  		Oneonta
  		Plattsburgh
  		Port Jefferson
  		Port Jervis		300[44]
  		Poughkeepsie
  		Rochester
  		Sag Harbor
  		Seneca Falls
  		Syracuse
  		Utica
  		Watertown
  		Woodstock
  North Carolina		Asheville
  		Black Mountain
  		Charlotte
  		Greensboro
  		Hillsborough
  		Mooresville
  		Morganton
  		New Bern
  		Raleigh
  		Wilmington
  		Winston-Salem
  North Dakota		Bismarck
  		Fargo
  		Grand Forks
  Ohio		Athens
  		Chillicothe
  		Cincinnati
  		Cleveland
  		Columbus
  		Dayton
  		Kent
  		Lakeside
  		Mount Vernon
  		Toledo
  		Troy
  		Wooster
  		Yellow Springs
  Oklahoma		Oklahoma City
  		Tulsa
  Oregon		Ashland
  		Astoria
  		Bandon
  		Bend
  		Brookings
  		Burns
  		Coos Bay
  		Corvallis
  		Eugene
  		Florence
  		Halfway
  		Hood River
  		Joseph
  		Klamath Falls
  		La Grande
  		McMinnville
  		Newport
  		Pendleton
  		Port Orford
  		Portland
  		Salem
  		Sandy
  		Tillamook
  		Welches
  Pennsylvania		Beaver
  		Bethlehem
  		Bloomsburg
  		Doylestown
  		Erie
  		Harrisburg
  		Indiana
  		Lancaster
  		Lewisburg
  		Philadelphia
  		Pittsburgh
  		Reading
  		Riegelsville
  		Selinsgrove
  		Sharon
  		State College
  		West Chester
  Puerto Rico		Mayaguez
  		San Juan
  		Santurce
  		Vieques
  Rhode Island		Rhode Island
  South Carolina		Beaufort
  		Charleston
  		Clemson
  		Columbia
  		Greenville
  South Dakota		Pierre
  		Rapid City
  		Sioux Falls
  		Vermillion
  Tennessee		Chattanooga
  		Jonesborough
  		Knoxville		14,000[45]	There was heavy police presence for the Knoxville Women’s March 2.0 which began in Krutch Park. The march which was sponsored by Women’s March – Knoxville, to “show their support for women’s rights and the electoral victories women have won.” Twenty white separatists participated in a counter-protest. Seven hundred people gathered at a competing protest, March for Life.[45]
  		Memphis
  		Murfreesboro
  		Nashville
  		Oak Ridge
  Texas		Abilene
  		Alpine
  		Amarillo
  		Austin
  		Beaumont
  		Brownsville
  		College Station
  		Corpus Christi
  		Dallas
  		Denton
  		Eagle Pass
  		El Paso
  		Fort Worth
  		Houston
  		Lubbock
  		Marfa
  		Midland
  		Nacogdoches
  		San Antonio
  		Wichita Falls
  Utah		Bluff
  		Kanab
  		Logan
  		Moab
  		Ogden
  		Park City
  		Saint George
  		Salt Lake City
  Vermont		Brattleboro
  		Killington
  		Montpelier
  Virgin Islands		St. Croix
  		St. John
  		St. Thomas
  Virginia		Alexandria
  		Arlington
  		Charlottesville
  		Floyd
  		Norfolk
  		Onley
  		Richmond
  	January 20, 2018	Roanoke[46]		1000s	Thousands of demonstrators marched in the afternoon from Elmwood Park through downtown Roanoke.[46]
  		St. John
  		Staunton
  		Williamsburg
  		Winchester
  		Woodstock
  Washington		Anacortes
  		Bellingham
  		Bainbridge Island
  		Chelan
  		Eastsound
  		Ephrata
  		Forks
  		Friday Harbor
  		Issaquah
  		Kingston
  		Langley
  		Longview
  		Mount Vernon
  		Ocean Shores
  		Olympia
  		Port Angeles
  		Port Townsend
  		Richland
  		Seattle
  		Sequim
  		Spokane
  		Twisp
  		Vancouver
  		Vashon
  		Walla Walla
  		Wenatchee
  		Yakima
  West Virginia		Charleston
  		Fairmont
  Wisconsin		Appleton
  		Bayfield
  		Eau Claire
  		Fort Atkinson
  		Green Bay
  		Hillsboro
  		La Crosse
  		Madison
  		Marquette
  		Menomonie
  		Milwaukee
  		Plymouth
  		Sheboygan
  		Wausau
  Wyoming		Casper
  		Cheyenne
  		Cody
  		Jackson Hole
  		Lander
  		Pinedale
  		Rock Springs

  Planned events in the United States[edit]

  This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. The specific problem is: This is just a proseline directory-type listing and needs to be cleaned. Please help improve this section if you can. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

  Speakers at the January 20, 2018 rallies called for more women to run for office.^[43]

  Alaska[edit]

  Other marches planned in Alaska^[47] in Cordova^[48] and Fairbanks^[47] include Cordova^[48] and Fairbanks, who plans to host it at Goldenheart Plaza at 12 pm.^[49] Marches on January 20 are also planned for Juneau (10am, 4th street in front of State Capitol),^[50] Ketchikan (11am 131 Front Street),^[51] Petersburg (9am, at The Fleet),^[52] Kodiak,^[53] Valdez,^[54] and Gustavus.^[55]A march was planned for January 21 in Unalaska.^[56]

  Arizona[edit]

  In Arizona, events were planned in Prescott,^[57] Sedona,^[58] Nogales,^[59] Payson,^[60] and Flagstaff^[61] on January 20, and in Phoenix^[62] and Ajo^[63] on January 21.

  Arkasas[edit]

  In Arkansas, a march was planned for January 20, in Little Rock.^{[citation needed]}

  California[edit]

  

  San Francisco participants

  According to Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, about 600,000^[17] marched in Los Angeles from Pershing Square, to Grand Park and the City Hall on the morning of January 20, calling for equal rights for women in a rally that reflected the rise of the #MeToo and #TimesUp” movements. They marched to end violence, and to protect the rights of women, workers, people with disabilities, immigrants, indigenous peoples, and environmental and civil rights.^[18] The Palestinian American Women’s Association (PAWA) withdrew from the march because Scarlett Johansson was a featured speaker. The PAWA criticize Johansson’s role as “first global brand ambassador” for the Israeli company SodaStream. She was featured in their television commercial during the February 2014 Super Bowl XLVIII.^[64] SodaStream is one of the Israeli companies targeted by the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement,^[65] launched in 2005 to pressure Israel to end the occupation. SodaStream operates its primary plant in Mishor Adumim on contested land.^[66]

  In California, marches and rallies were planned for January 20, in Sacramento,^[67] Los Angeles,^[68] San Jose,^[67][69] San Francisco,^[67][70], Oakland^[67], and San Diego.^[20] Marches are also planned for many smaller cities including Eureka,^[71]Fresno,^[67] Modesto,^[67] Monterey Bay,^[67] Napa Valley,^[72] Pacifica,^[72] San Luis Obispo,^[67] Santa Cruz (including art installations),^[73] Sonoma,^[72] Ventura with a march and an event titled “Ventura County Rising”,^[74] and Walnut Creek.^[72] A march was planned for January 21 in Redding.^[75]

  Colorado[edit]

  In Colorado, marches and rallies are planned in Denver,^[76] Grand Junction,^[77] Cortez,^[78] Vail,^[79] Aspen,^[80] Gunnison,^[81]Broomfield,^[82] and Pueblo^[83] on January 20 and in Colorado Springs,^{[citation needed]} Steamboat Springs,^[84] and Crested Butte^[85] on January 21.

  Connecticut[edit]

  In Connecticut, marches were scheduled for January 20, in Hartford,^[86] Salisbury,^[87] and East Haddam.^[88] The Hartford march drew about 10,000 participants. ^[89]

  Delaware[edit]

  In Delaware, a march is planned in Newark^[90] on January 20.

  Florida[edit]

  In Florida, marches are planned on January 20 in Tallahassee,^[91] Sarasota,^[92] Pensacola,^[93] Panama City,^[94] Naples,^[95]Vero Beach,^[96] Melbourne,^[97] and Sebring.^[98] Additional marches are planned on January 21 in Jacksonville,^[99] Miami,^[100]St. Petersburg,^[101] Orlando,^[102] and Bokeelia.^[103]

  Georgia[edit]

  In Georgia, rallies are scheduled for January 20 in Atlanta and for January 21 in Savannah.^[104] and Statesboro^[105]

  Hawaii[edit]

  In Hawaii, events are scheduled on January 20 in Honolulu^[106] and Hilo,^[107] and on January 21 in Kailua-Kona.^[108]

  Idaho[edit]

  In Idaho, events are scheduled for January 20 in Ketchum at the Town Square^[109] and in Sandpoint at Sandpoint Middle School.^[110] Another event will be held on January 21 at the State Capitol in Boise.^[111] Another rally will be held on January 21 at the Twin Falls County Courthouse beginning at 11am in Twin Falls.^[112]

  Illinois[edit]

  In Chicago, an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 marchers gathered in Grant Park (Chicago) some carrying slogans, such as “Strong women raising strong women.”^[22] In Illinois, Women’s March on Chicago organizers are working to hold an event in the Chicago Loop on January 20.^[113] The march in Chicago is meant to “celebrate resistance, demand laws protecting women, support women’s place in power and stand with the women caring for children, elders and people with disabilities.”^[114] Additional events are scheduled on January 20 in Carbondale,^[115] Springfield,^[116] East Peoria,^[117]Galesburg,^[118] Kankakee,^[119] and Rockford.^[120]

  Indiana[edit]

  In Indiana, marches are planned in Indianapolis^[121] and Madison^[122] on January 20.

  Iowa[edit]

  In Iowa, events are planned on January 20 in Des Moines,^[123] Iowa City,^[124] Lamoni,^[125] and Decorah.^[126]

  Kansas[edit]

  In Kansas, events are planned on January 20 in Wichita^[127] and Pittsburg,^[128] and on January 21 in Topeka.^[129]

  Kentucky[edit]

  In Kentucky, events are planned on January 20 in Lexington^[130] and Pikeville,^[131] and on January 21 in Louisville^[132] and Paducah.^[133]

  Louisiana[edit]

  In Louisiana, Now Baton Rouge is planning the Women’s March New Orleans on January 20, from noon to 4 p.m. at Duncan Plaza in New Orleans.^[134] An event is also scheduled on January 20 in Shreveport.^[135] The march in New Orleans was a huge success. In 2017 NOPD estimated 10,000 participants in making it the single largest demonstration in New Orleans History. The Women’s March 2018 was estimated by NOPD and the Times-Picayune to have 10-15,000 participants making even larger that 2017. The march stretched for over a half mile while advancing through the French Quarter.^[23]

  Maine[edit]

  In Maine, a gathering at the Maine State House in Augusta, “Maine Women’s March 2.0: Power to the Polls”, starts at 11am.^[136] Additional events are scheduled in Bangor,^[137] Bar Harbor,^[138] and Prospect Harbor.^[139]

  Maryland[edit]

  

  Marchers in Baltimore

  In Maryland, the Baltimore Women’s March: March Forward will be held on January 20, from 11 to 2 p.m. beginning at War Memorial Plaza in Baltimore.^[140] Additional events are scheduled on January 20 in Annapolis^[141] and on January 21 in Frederick^[142] and Ocean City.^[143]

  Massachusetts[edit]

  In Massachusetts, March Forward Massachusetts, the organization behind the 2017 Boston Women’s March, is coordinating a series of events across Massachusetts January 19–21, 2018 that include the Cambridge/Boston Women’s March: The People Persist from 1-3 pm at the Cambridge Common ^{[144] [145] [146]}

  Michigan[edit]

  In Michigan, Women’s March Michigan plans to host events in Lansing and Marquette.^[147] Additional events are planned on January 20 in Traverse City,^[148] Holland,^[149] and Adrian,^[150] and on January 21 in Grand Rapids,^[151] Kalamazoo,^[152]Midland,^[153] Houghton,^[154] Douglas,^[155] and Saint Joseph.^[156]

  Minnesota[edit]

  In Minnesota, events are planned on January 20 in Rochester,^[157] Mankato,^[158] Thief River Falls,^[159] and Grand Marais,^[160]and on January 21 in Saint Paul^[161] and Morris.^[162]

  Mississippi[edit]

  In Mississippi, and event is planned on January 20 in Jackson.^[163]

  Missouri[edit]

  In Missouri, Women’s March in St. Louis, beginning at 10AM at Union Station ^[164] and in Springfield.^[165]

  

  2018 Women’s March in Missoula, Montana

  Montana[edit]

  

  2018 Women’s March in Missoula, Montana

  In Montana, marches were held in Billings,^[166] Butte, Bozeman,^[167] Great Falls,^[168]Helena,^[169] Kalispell,^[170] Miles City, and Missoula on January 20.^[171][172] Native American marchers raised concerns about missing and murdered indigenous women.^{[173][174][175]}

  Nebraska[edit]

  In Nebraska, marches are planned in Omaha^[176] and Lincoln^[177] on January 20.

  Nevada[edit]

  In Nevada, marches are planned in Las Vegas and Reno.^[178] In Las Vegas, organizers have planned an event called “Power to the Polls”.^[147]

  New Hampshire[edit]

  In New Hampshire, events are planned on January 20 in Concord,^[179]Portsmouth,^[180] Wilton,^[181] and Lancaster,^[182] and on January 21 in Jackson^[183]and Peterborough.^[184]

  New Jersey[edit]

  In New Jersey, the Women’s March is planned to take place in Morristown.^{[185][186][187]} The march was moved to the headquarters of Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen from Trenton. There have been weekly demonstrations against Frelinghuysen in this locale since the Women’s Marches of 2017.^[188] Additional events are planned on January 20 in Leonia^[189] and Ocean City.^[190]

  New Mexico[edit]

  In New Mexico, marches are planned for Saturday, January 20 in Truth or Consequences,^[191] Taos,^[192] and Socorro,^[193] and on Sunday, January 21 in Albuquerque,^[194] Santa Fe,^[194] Las Cruces,^[195] and Fort Sumner.^[196]

  New York[edit]

  

  Protest in Seneca Falls, New York

  According to one estimate, there were more 120,000 protesters at the march in New York on January 20, 2018.^[43] In New York, demonstrations are planned for New York City,^[197][198] Seneca Falls,^[199] Albany,^[200] Staten Island,^[201] and Rochester.

  North Carolina[edit]

  

  Women’s March in Manhattan, New York City

  In North Carolina, demonstrations are planned for Charlotte,^[202] Raleigh,^[203]Asheville,^[204] Black Mountain,^[205] Hillsborough,^[206] and the Triad.^[207]

  North Dakota[edit]

  In North Dakota, a march is planned in Fargo on January 20.^[208] A rally will be held in Bismarck on January 19.^{[citation needed]}

  Ohio[edit]

  In Ohio, a march and voter registration session is planned in Cleveland.^[209]Additional marches are planned on January 20 in Columbus,^[210] Cincinnati,^[211]Dayton,^[212] Athens,^[213] Mount Vernon,^[214] and Wooster,^[215] and on January 21 in Toledo.^[216]

  Oklahoma[edit]

  In Oklahoma, events are planned on January 20 in Oklahoma City^[217] and Tulsa.^[218]

  Oregon[edit]

  In Oregon, events are planned on January 20 in Brookings,^[219] Grants Pass,^[220] Medford,^[221] Klamath Falls,^[222] Port Orford,^[223] Coos Bay,^[224] Roseburg,^[225] Bend,^[226] Eugene,^[227] Corvallis,^[228] Albany,^[229] Tillamook,^[230] Astoria,^[231] The Dalles,^[232] and La Grande.^[233]

  Pennsylvania[edit]

  In Pennsylvania, rallies are planned on January 20 in Philadelphia,^[234] Gettysburg,^[235] Sharon,^[236] Hollidaysburg,^[237] and Bloomsburg,^[238] and on January 21 in Pittsburgh,^[239] Millheim,^[240] Indiana,^[241] and Doylestown.^[242]

  Rhode Island[edit]

  In Rhode Island, an event is planned on January 20 in Providence the State House South Lawn from 12PM – 2PM.^[243]

  South Carolina[edit]

  In South Carolina, Tamika Gadsden is planning a woman’s march in Charleston.^[244] Other cities in South Carolina include Greenville and Myrtle Beach.^[245]

  South Dakota[edit]

  In South Dakota marches are planned on January 20 in Sioux Falls^[246] and Pierre.^[247]

  Tennessee[edit]

  In Tennessee, events are planned on January 20 in Memphis,^[248] Chattanooga,^[249] and Johnson City,^[250] and on January 21 in Knoxville.^[251] Marchers in Knoxville were forced to change their parade route when the neo-Nazi group, the Traditionalist Worker’s Party (TWP) planned a counter-demonstration.^[252]

  Texas[edit]

  In Texas, marches are planned on January 20 in Austin,^[253] Houston^[254][255] Dallas,^[256] Fort Worth,^[257] Amarillo,^[258]Lubbock^[259] Denton,^[260][261] Waco^[262] Brownsville,^[263] Beaumont,^[264] Midland,^[265] Palestine,^[266] and Wichita Falls,^[267]and on January 21 in El Paso^[268] and Alpine.^[269] Additional cities include San Antonio and Nacogdoches.^[253]

  Utah[edit]

  In Utah, events are planned on January 20 in Logan,^[270] Ogden,^[271] and Park City.^[272]

  Vermont[edit]

  In Vermont, events are planned on January 20 in Montpelier^[273] and on January 21 in Manchester Ctr.^[274]

  Virginia[edit]

  In Virginia, events are planned on January 20 in Bristol,^[275] Independence,^[276] Galax,^[277] Hillsville,^[278] Roanoke,^[279]Richmond,^[280] and Williamsburg,^[281] and on January 21 in Norfolk.^[282][283]

  Washington[edit]

  In Washington State, the march in Seattle is being called “Women’s March 2.0”.^[284] In Bellingham, Women Marching for Unity, Equity, Justice, and Humanity are sponsoring a march to commemorate the anniversary of last year’s historic march which drew 10,000 citizens into the streets.^[285] Additional events are planned on January 20 in Ocean Shores,^[286] Olympia,^[287]Kenmore,^[288] Port Townsend,^[289] Friday Harbor,^[290] Eastsound,^[291] Yakima,^[292] Moses Lake,^[293] and Omak,^[294] and on January 21 in Spokane^[295] and Richland.^[296]

  Washington, D.C.[edit]

  

  Signage in Washington, D.C.

  In Washington, D.C., thousands ^[5] gathered at the Reflecting Pool at the Lincoln Memorial and marched to the White House.^[297] The crowd was smaller than the 2017 rally, which according to WUSA9 had almost 500,000 participants.^[5]

  West Virginia[edit]

  In West Virginia, a march is planned in Beckley^[298] on January 20.

  Wisconsin[edit]

  In Wisconsin, marches are planned on January 20 in Milwaukee,^[299] Green Bay,^[300]Eau Claire,^[301] Minocqua,^[302] Wausau,^[303] Janesville,^[304] and Walworth.^[305]

  Wyoming[edit]

  In Wyoming, events are planned on January 20 in Cheyenne,^[306] Jackson,^[307] and Pinedale.^[308]

  Worldwide[edit]

  Listed below are marches outside the United States in support of the 2018 Women’s March.

  • Antarctica
  • Argentina
  • Australia
  • Austria
  • Belgium
  • Brazil
  • Canada
  • Chile
  • Colombia
  • Costa Rica
  • Croatia
  • Czech Republic
  • Denmark
  • Finland
  • France
  • Georgia
  • Germany
  • Ghana
  • Greece
  • Hungary
  • Hong Kong
  • Iceland
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Iraq
  • Ireland
  • Israel
  • Italy
  • Japan
  • Jordan
  • Kenya
  • Kosovo
  • Latvia
  • Lebanon
  • Lithuania
  • Macau
  • Malawi
  • Mexico
  • Myanmar
  • Netherlands
  • New Zealand
  • Nigeria
  • Norway
  • Peru
  • Philippines
  • Poland
  • Portugal
  • Serbia
  • South Africa
  • South Korea
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • Tanzania
  • Thailand
  • United Kingdom

  Country	Date	Locations	Photo	Approximate attendance	Notes
  Antarctica		McMurdo Station
  		Paradise Bay
  Argentina		Buenos Aires
  Australia		Sydney
  		Canberra
  		Melbourne
  Austria		Vienna
  Belgium		Brussels
  Brazil		Brasília
  Canada		Calgary
  		Edmonton
  		Montreal
  		Ottawa
  		Toronto
  		Vancouver
  		Victoria
  Chile		Santiago
  Colombia		Bogotá
  Costa Rica		San José
  Croatia		Zagreb
  Czech Republic		Prague
  Denmark		Copenhagen
  Finland		Helsinki
  France		Auvillar
  		Bordeaux
  		Montpellier
  		Nice
  		Paris		100s	At a sister rally in Paris, hundreds gathered under the Eiffel Tower in the rain, chanting, “This is what democracy looks like.” They carried umbrellas as well as posters to protest “sexual misconduct and discrimination against women” on January 21.[309]
  		Strasbourg
  		Toulouse
  		Marseille
  Georgia		Tbilisi
  Germany		Berlin
  		Bonn
  		Düsseldorf
  		Frankfurt am Main
  		Hamburg
  		Heidelberg
  		Munich
  Ghana		Accra
  Greece		Athens
  Hungary		Budapest
  Hong Kong		Hong Kong
  Iceland		Reykjavik
  India	January 21, 2018	Delhi			Thousands of demonstrators marched across India with rallies in 30 cities.[310]
  		Mumbai[310]			The movement began following the response by an SP politician to the mass molestation incident in Bengaluru on New Years 2018. He said that “women should not go out after sunset.”[310][311]
  		Hyderabad[310]
  		Nagpur[310]
  		Ranchi[310]
  		Thrissur[310]
  Indonesia		Yogyakarta
  		Jakarta
  Iraq		Erbil
  Ireland		Galway
  		Dublin
  Israel		Tel Aviv
  Italy		Florence
  		Rome
  Japan		Tokyo
  Jordan		Amman
  Kenya		Nairobi
  Kosovo		Pristina
  Latvia		Riga
  Lebanon		Beirut
  Lithuania		Vilnius
  Macau		Macau
  Malawi		Lilongwe
  Mexico		Mexico City
  Myanmar(Burma)		Yangon(Rangoon)
  Netherlands		Amsterdam
  		The Hague
  New Zealand		Auckland
  		Dunedin
  		Wellington
  Nigeria		Jos
  Norway		Oslo
  Peru		Lima
  Philippines		Manila
  Poland		Gdańsk
  		Kraków
  		Warsaw
  Portugal		Lisbon, Porto
  Serbia		Belgrade
  South Africa		Cape Town
  		Durban
  South Korea		Seoul
  Spain		Barcelona
  		Granada
  		Madrid
  Sweden		Stockholm
  		Åre
  Switzerland		Geneva
  Tanzania		Dar es Salaam
  Thailand		Bangkok
  United Kingdom		Bristol
  		Edinburgh
  		Lancaster
  		Leeds
  		Liverpool
  		London	January 21, 2018	1000’s[312]	In heavy sleet and rain, women marched from Downing Street past the Monument to the Women of World War II carrying slogans and chanting “Time’s up” and “We want justice not revenge”.[312]
  		Manchester
  		Southampton
  		York

  Outside the United States[edit]

  In Athens, Greece, a march is planned on January 21. The event will take place at the Syntagma Square continuing on to finish in front of the Embassy of the United States in Athens.^{[citation needed]}

  In Barcelona, Catalonia, an afternoon of music, dancing and organizing was planned for January 21, in Plaza Virreina^[313]from 16:00 to 20:00. The celebration will recognize last year’s accomplishments and kick-start this year’s endeavors.^[314]

  Canada[edit]

  In Canada there were at least 38 rallies held on January 20.^[315]

  

  March participants in Calgary

  On January 20, thousands of inter-generational marchers walked from Bankers Hall in downtown Calgary to City Hall carrying hand mind signs with slogans such as “Time’s Up”, calling for “equality, community and hope.” ^[316] Organizers of the 2018 March, Ashley Bristowe and Adora Nwofor, described how this is “not only about politics or social justice…[it] is about being connected to your community.”^[317] [318] In Toronto, the rally on January 20 which started at Nathan Phillips Square at noon, adopted the theme of “Defining Our Future”. ^[319]

  In Roberts Creek, British Columbia, a march was planned for January 20, and is starting at The Gumboot Cafe.^{[citation needed]} In Vancouver, a march was planned for January 20, and is expected to start at Jack Poole Plaza.^[320]

  France[edit]

  • In Grenoble, a gathering of Americans was planned for January 21 near the Musée de Grenoble.^{[citation needed]}
  • In Paris, a rally was planned for January 21. The event will be held at the Parvis du Trocadéro and will start at 2:30 pm. Venez nombreux/ses.^{[citation needed]}
  • In Lyon, a rally was planned for January 21 at Place des Terreaux.^{[citation needed]}
  • In Toulouse, a meeting was planned for January 21 at La Maison d’a Cote. This was a #MeToo gathering, an indoors event, an opportunity for sharing, comparing notes, and brainstorming for the future.^{[citation needed]}

  Germany[edit]

  • In Heidelberg, the second Heidelberg Women’s March will take place on January 20 at Friedrich-Ebert-Platz and proceeding along the Hauptstrasse to Rathausplatz/Marktplatz in the center of the city’s Old Town.^{[citation needed][321]}
  • In Munich a march was planned for January 20. The event will start at Siegestor, and is being called “Women’s March to the Polls”. Vote from Abroad will also be registering Americans for absentee ballots.^{[citation needed]}

  Italy[edit]

  • In Rome, a march was planned for January 20, starting at Piazza Santissimi Apostoli and counting on the participation of Italian actresses Asia Argento and Rosabell Laurenti Sellers. ^[322]

  Togo[edit]

  • Togolese women marched through Lomé on January 20 to protest the rule of Faure Gnassingbé.^[323]

  Proposed legislation to curb protests[edit]

  Recent protests, including those against the presidency of Donald Trump, have also led to some state legislatures creating various anti-protest bills which the ACLU calls unconstitutional.^[168] Many of these bills have been created by Republican lawmakers.^[169] By late February, 2017, legislators in at least 18 states have proposed legislation to curtail specific protest tactics, impose more severe penalties for protest tactics prohibited by existing law, or publicly discussed such proposals.^[170]Some of the bills include high penalties, such as large fines and jail time, for blocking interstates or obstructing “economic activity.”^[171] A bill in Minnesota would allow the police to sue demonstrators for the cost of policing protests.^[171] The bill proposed in Tennessee would allow anyone who injures a protester with their car “civil immunity” as long as the driver was not being reckless.^[52] The proposed bill in Indiana would allow law enforcement to “use any means necessary” to clear people who block traffic.^[172] Republican lawmaker J. D. Mesnard said that these laws are “not about limiting people’s rights.”^[173]

  The ACLU of North Dakota has said that these laws are written as if they are to protect public safety, but in reality are “they are focused on preventing protesters from protesting, essentially.”^[171] The Washington Post reported that the laws were written to counteract the largely Republican, and unfounded, accusation that many of the protesters against Trump are “paid” or “professional” protesters.^[174][175] Professor at Stanford University, Doug McAdam, has said, “In 40 years of studying protest, I have seen nothing like these proposals,” adding, “These kinds of laws would be un-American.”^[173] Critics of these bills state that even if they are signed into law, they will likely later be found unconstitutional.^[174] The United Nations has warned that such bills, if enacted, will significantly restrict Americans’ rights to peacefully protest and express free speech.^[176]

  Impact[edit]

  Protests after Trump’s inauguration have helped energize progressives in the Democratic Party, according to Ace Smith, a strategist for the party.^[147] According to the Los Angeles Times, “Protesters have quickened the outrage metabolism among members of Congress, encouraged disruptive tactics […] and mostly ended the argument within the congressional caucuses over whether Democrats should work with Trump on occasion rather than universally oppose him.”^[147] Ben Wikler, a director for MoveOn.org, commented that it feels as if grassroots energy has exploded like a volcano.^[59]Democrats in Georgia have see an increase in political activism which the party would like to see continue.^[148] In addition, socialist organizations have seen a spike in membership.^[149] Town hall meetings have had increased attendance.^[108]Some Republicans have avoided having town halls because of the large attendance rates.^[62] Victoria Kaplan of MoveOn.org calls this avoidance a sign that the protests are having an impact.^[62] Trump has become a common enemy for many different liberal and progressive groups who are now working together.^[108]

  Conservative districts have been confronting Republican congressmen about their voting records and their stances on the Affordable Care Act (ACA).^[107]

  Meetup, which had for 15 years only allowed the creation of non-partisan groups, has chosen to allow over 1,000 “#resist” groups which are free to join and run.^[65]

  Recent protests, including those against the presidency of Donald Trump, have also led to some state legislatures creating various anti-protest bills which the ACLU calls unconstitutional.^[150] Many of these bills have been created by Republican lawmakers.^[151]